Table Of ContentS E
HALE NERGY
E 2014
NGINEERING
T C , E
ECHNICAL HALLENGES NVIRONMENTAL
I , P P
SSUES AND UBLIC OLICY
PROCEEDINGS OF THE 2014 SHALE ENERGY ENGINEERING
CONFERENCE
July 21–23, 2014
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
SPONSORED BY
The Energy Division of the American Society of Civil Engineers
EDITED BY
Christopher L. Meehan, Ph.D., P.E.
Jeanne M. VanBriesen, Ph.D., P.E.
Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E.
Xiong Yu, Ph.D., P.E.
Cesar Quiroga, Ph.D., P.E.
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Preface
In recent years, new technologies that utilize horizontal drilling and hydraulic
fracturing techniques have led to a rapid expansion of the shale oil and gas industry,
offering access to new sources of hydrocarbon fuels that hold the promise of energy
independence for the United States. At the same time, there has been public concern
about the potential environmental effects of these new technologies, with varying
environmental regulations being implemented at the state and federal level in
response to their rapid deployment. Consequently, some areas of the country are
witnessing a rapid growth in the number of wells for exploration, while other areas
have delayed this development pending further environmental studies. Additionally,
the rapid growth of the shale energy industry in some areas has imposed new
demands on the people and infrastructure in local communities. Moving forwards, the
challenge for our society is to develop a holistic approach to shale oil and gas
exploitation that enables economic growth and prosperity, while minimizing negative
environmental impacts and socio-economic disturbances in our communities.
Civil and Environmental Engineers have as their core mission the protection of the
public health, safety, and welfare. With this in mind, the Energy Division of the
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) has organized a new, broadly-themed
conference, entitled “Shale Energy Engineering 2014: Technical Challenges,
Environmental Issues, and Public Policy.” This conference was held July 21-23, 2014
in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and its goals were to provide a forum for: discussing the
technical challenges associated with shale oil and gas development from a civil
engineering perspective, exploring the critical environmental and infrastructure issues
that exist in this industry, and presenting public policy solutions that enable safe
development of shale oil and gas resources. The conference was organized into the
following four tracks: (1) Water Resources Management in Shale Oil & Gas
Development; (2) Geological and Geotechnical Aspects of Shale Oil & Gas Well
Development; (3) Environmental, Regulatory, and Public Policy Issues; and (4)
Supporting Infrastructure Development for Shale Oil & Gas Production.
The following volume contains the Proceedings from ASCE’s 2014 Shale Energy
Engineering Conference. In this volume, seventy-three papers are included from
authors presenting at the conference in the four track areas noted above. Three types
of paper submissions were allowed for the conference: research letters, technical
papers, and case study papers. Research letters are 5-6 pages long, and highlight
cutting-edge research projects or particularly innovative practice-oriented projects.
Technical papers are 7-10 pages long, and detail the findings from research- or
practice-oriented projects that are of broad interest to the shale energy engineering
community. Case study papers are 10-15 pages long, and provide more extensive
details, photographs, and descriptions about an individual field project.
Paper sessions at the conference were organized by 34 session chairs. In this volume,
the reader will find them listed as Members of the Review Board. They were assisted
by 80 professional colleagues to perform a minimum of two anonymous reviews for
each paper by experts in the corresponding subject area.
On behalf of the conference organizers and the ASCE Energy Division, we wish to
express our gratitude to all of the session chairs and reviewers for their diligent and
tireless efforts to make these Proceedings a reality. We also wish to extend our thanks
to Elaine Watson, Barbara Whitten, Donna Dickert, Drew Caracciolo, and Naida
Caton, our core conference planning support team within ASCE. Finally, we would
like to thank the authors for their contributions to the Proceedings. The papers that
have been submitted by our colleagues do a great service to the shale energy
engineering profession.
The Editors
Christopher L. Meehan
Jeanne M. VanBriesen
Farshid Vahedifard
Xiong Yu
Cesar Quiroga
SHALE ENERGY ENGINEERING 2014: CONFERENCE ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
Conference Chair
Kemal Niksic, P.E., M.ASCE., Hatch Mott MacDonald
Conference Co-Chairs
Jonathan L. Tan, M.ASCE, Black & Veatch
Christopher L. Meehan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Delaware
Technical Program Chair
J. Daniel Arthur, P.E., SPEC, M.ASCE, ALL Consulting
Technical Publication Committee Chair and Chief Editor
Christopher L. Meehan, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, University of Delaware
Track Chairs
Water Resources Management
Paul A. Bizier, P.E., BCEE, F.ASCE, Barge, Waggoner, Sumner, and Cannon, Inc.
Jeanne M. VanBriesen, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Carnegie Mellon University
Geological/Geotechnical
Khalid Farrag, Ph.D., P.E., PMP, M.ASCE, Gas Technology Institute
Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Mississippi State University
Environmental/Regulatory/Public Policy
Gregory F. Scott, P.E., M.ASCE, Buchart Horn, Inc.
Xiong Yu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Case Western Reserve University
Supportive Infrastructure/Technology
James H. Anspach, P.G., M.ASCE, Cardno
Cesar Quiroga, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Texas A&M Transportation Institute
Technical Publication Co-Editors
Water Resources Management
Jeanne M. VanBriesen, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Carnegie Mellon University
Geological/Geotechnical
Farshid Vahedifard, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Mississippi State University
Environmental/Regulatory/Public Policy
Xiong Yu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Case Western Reserve University
Supportive Infrastructure/Technology
Cesar Quiroga, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Texas A&M Transportation Institute
Local Committee Chair
Nathaniel S. Hayes, P.E., M.ASCE, The Gateway Engineers
Sponsorship/Exhibits Committee
Kenneth E. Hill, P.E., M.ASCE, ALL Consulting
Ryan L. Hayes, Gateway Engineers
Student Activities Committee
Kyle Bibby, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh
Xiong Yu, Ph.D., P.E., M.ASCE, Case Western Reserve University
REVIEW BOARD
James Anspach Melody Matter
Kenneth Bell Christopher Meehan
Kyle Bibby Mais Nijim
Steven Bloser Cesar Quiroga
Timothy Brett James Sassin
Lindsey Bryson Jeff Schubert
Andrew Bunger Gregory Scott
Lucy Mar Camacho John Sheehan
Rick Chalaturnyk Less Shephard
Lee Clapp Jonathan Shimko
Brian Ellis Kristin Smith
Khalid Farrag Farshid Vahedifard
Victor Kaliakin Luis Vallejo
Olya Keen Julie Vandenbossche
Lawrence (Larry) Lennon Megan Walsh
Hua Li Rich Williams
Paul Mathisen Xiong Yu
REVIEWERS
Jorge Abad Kelvin Gregory Peter Phillips
James Anspach Yuan Guo Chris Proulx
Dan Arthur Chanjuan Han Brian Rahm
Kenneth Bell Jianying Hu Joris Remmers
Kyle Bibby Jim Huebler Elizabeth Rowan
Paul Bizier Tom Iseley Michael Sadowsky
Steven Bloser Victor Kaliakin Iraj Salehi
Mehmet Boz Bill Kappel Jeff Schubert
Michael Borden Jeffrey Keaton Gregory Scott
Susan Brantley Olya Keen John Sheehan
Andrew Bunger Carl Kirby Les Shephard
Elizabeth Casman Eric Koglin Jonathan Shimko
Eric Cavazza Hillary Kronebusch Stanley States
Matthew Cavazza Hua Li Ray Sterling
Rick Chalaturnyk Yang Li Heiner Strathmann
Amy Childress Karl Linden Farshid Vahedifard
Jordan Ciezobka Debotyam Maity Jeanne VanBriesen
Lee Clapp Paul Mathisen Avner Vengosh
Aimee Curtright Meagan Mauter Radisav Vidic
Melih Demirkan Christopher Meehan Megan Walsh
Elizabeth Eide Philip Meis Yuxin Wang
Brian Ellis Douglas Melton Rich Williams
Mostafa Elshahed Austin Mitchell Jessica Wilson
Khalid Farrag Kimia Mortezaei Dave Yoxtheimer
Ali Fatehi Jean-Philippe Nicot Xiong Yu
Quan Gao Mais Nijim Mark Zoback
Daniel Giammar Kent Perry
Contents
Water Resources Management in Shale Oil and Gas Development
Water Resources and Groundwater Issues in Shale Development
Modeling of Land Movement due to Groundwater Pumping from an Aquifer
System with Stress-Dependent Storage ................................................................................. 1
D. H. Kang, H. J. Lee, and J. Li
Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Prior to Hydraulic Fracturing to Promote
Scientifically-Based Transparency ........................................................................................ 11
George Mathes, Carly Sowecke, Cherrie Nelson, Marjorie Bedessem, and
Dan Hruska
Feasibility of Using Brackish Groundwater Desalination Concentrate as
Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid in the Eagle Ford Shale ......................................................... 23
Nima Ghahremani and Lee Clapp
Produced Water Management and Treatment Technologies
Evolution of Best Management Practices and Water Treatment in High-Volume
Hydraulic Fracturing Operations ........................................................................................ 33
J. Daniel Arthur, Brian Bohm, and Damian Zampogna
Recycling of Produced and Flowback Water in Oil and Gas Drilling Operations
through Hydraulic Fracturing in Texas .............................................................................. 45
Mehmet A. Boz
Review of Flowback and Produced Water Management, Treatment, and Beneficial
Use for Major Shale Gas Development Basins ................................................................... 53
Guanyu Ma, Mengistu Geza, and Pei Xu
Characterization of Waste Waters from Hydraulic Fracturing ........................................ 63
Paul F. Ziemkiewicz, Yongtian He, and John D. Quaranta
Electrodialysis Treatment of Flow-Back Water for Environmental Protection in
Shale Gas Development ........................................................................................................ 74
Maria Peraki and Ehsan Ghazanfari
Conversion of Marcellus Production Wastewater into Salable Products ......................... 85
Timothy Keister
Environmental Issues in Produced Water Disposal
Regulation of TDS and Chloride from Oil and Gas Wastewater in Pennsylvania .......... 95
Eric H. Chase
Management of Produced Water in Pennsylvania: 2010–2012 ....................................... 107
Jeanne M. Van Briesen, Jessica M. Wilson, and Yuxin Wang
Evaluating Leachability of Residual Solids from Hydraulic Fracturing in the
Marcellus Shale .................................................................................................................... 114
Stephanie Countess, Gregory Boardman, Richard Hammack,
Alexandra Hakala, Shekar Sharma, and Jeffrey Parks
Geological and Geotechnical Aspects of Shale Oil and Gas Well
Development
Geotechnical Aspects of Shale Oil and Gas
The Role of Shallow Surface Investigations in Appalachian Shale Energy
Development ........................................................................................................................ 121
John T. Henning and Steven Ladavat
Geomechanical Characterization of Shale Formations for Sustainable Production ..... 133
Rafael Villamor Lora and Ehsan Ghazanfari
Comminution of Solids Due to Kinetic Energy of High Shear Strain Rate:
Implications for Shock and Shale Fracturing ................................................................... 144
Zdenĕk P. Bažant and Ferhun C. Caner
Guided Ultrasonic Waves for the Nondestructive Evaluation Imaging of Pipes ........... 151
Piervincenzo Rizzo, Abdollah Bagheri, and Kaiyuan Li
Mechanical Behaviors of an Anisotropic Shale Rock ....................................................... 159
Q. Gao, J. L. Tao, J. Y. Hu, and X. Yu
Shale Fracturing for Energy Recovery: Current Issues and Review of Available
Analytical and Computational Models .............................................................................. 168
Giuseppe Buscarnera, Gianluca Cusatis, Aleksander Zubelewicz, and Zdenĕk
P. Bažant
Particle Stacking Model to Simulate Sedimentary Rock Microcracks .......................... 180
Sangho Lee
Geomechanics and Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracturing
Fracture Mechanics Evaluation of Parameters Associated with Horizontal
Hydrofracturing .................................................................................................................. 191
Luis E. Vallejo and Jason Shamrock
Numerical Simulation of Simultaneous Growth of Multiple Interacting Hydraulic
Fractures from Horizontal Wells ....................................................................................... 201
Andrew P. Bunger and Anthony P. Peirce
Subcritical Crack Propagation Enhanced by Chemical Injection ................................... 211
M. M. Hu and T. Hueckel
Numerical Analysis on Deformation Behavior of Expandable Casing and Contact
Evaluation of Its Threaded Connection ............................................................................ 219
Xinpu Shen and Guoyang Shen
Hydro-Mechanical Coupled Model of Hydraulic Fractures Using the eXtended
Finite Element Method ....................................................................................................... 230
D. J. Youn and D. V. Griffiths
