Seventeenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals: Presented as Volumes 57 and 58 of Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology

999 Pages·1996·99.434 MB·English

by  Teh-An Hsu, Mike Himmel, Dan Schell, Jody Farmer, Mark Berggren (auth.), Charles E. Wyman, Brian H. Davison (eds.)

Seventeenth Symposium on Biotechnology
for Fuels and Chemieals
Presented as Volumes 57 and 58 of
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Proceedings ot the Seventeenth Symposium
on Biotechnology tor Fuels and Chemieals
Held May 7-11, 1995, at Vail, Colorado
Sponsored by
US Department of Energy
(Office of Alternative Fuels, Office of Industrial Processes)
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
Argonne National Laboratory
A. E. Staley Manufacturing Company
Archer Daniels Midland Company
Bio-Technical Resources, L.P.
Chronopol, Inc.
Colorado Institute for Research in Biotechnology
Dow Chemical
DuPont Company
Enzyme Bio-Systems Ud.
FermPro Manufacturing L.P.
Gist-brocades
Golden Technologies Company, Inc.
Grain Processing Corporation
Martin Marietta Energy Systems
National Corn Growers Association
New Energy Company of Indiana, L. P.
Raphael Katzen Associates International, Inc.
South Point Ethanol
St. Lawrence Technologies Inc.
Weyerhaeuser
American Chemical Society (Division of Biochemical Technology)
Editors
Charles E. Wyman
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Brian H. Davison
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
*-
Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
ISBN 978-1-4612-6669-3 ISBN 978-1-4612-0223-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-4612-0223-3
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
Volumes 57 and 58, Complete, Spring 1996
Copyright © 1996 Springer Science+Business Media New Y ork
Originally published by Humana Press Inc. in 1996
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1996
All Rights Reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, inc1uding photocopy, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the
copyright owner.
Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology is abstracted or indexed regularly
in Chemical Abstracts, Biological Abstracts, Current Contents, Science Citation Index,
Excerpta Medica, Index Medicus, and appropriate related compendia.
Introduction to the Proceedings
of the Seventeenth Symposium on
Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals
E.
CHARLES WYMAN
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
H.
BRIAN DAVISON
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Theapplicationofmicroorganismstoproducevaluableproductsdates
from antiquity with the fermentation ofvarious plant materials to alco
holicbeverages. These techniqueswereextendedto manufactureindus
trial-based products, but chemical routes to produce such commodities
from fossil sourcesdisplaced manyofthesebiologicallybased technolo
gies following World War II. With concerns about oil shortages, high
petroleum prices, and air quality, fermentation processes again became
thebasisfor theemergenceofmajorindustriesfor productionof'ethanol
from starch crops in the United States and from cane sugar in Brazil in
the early 1980s. Mounting environmental issues of waste disposal, the
potentialforglobalclimatechange,andpollutionpreventionhavedriven
the need for development of new biological processes to produce fuels
andchemicalsfromrenewablecellulosicbiomassfeedstocks,suchasagri
cultutaland forestry residues, municipal wastes, and woodyand herba
ceous energy crops as well as existing crops, coal, carbon dioxide, and
otherresources.Similartechnologiescanalsobeapplied toremedyenvi
ronmental problems. However, widespread use of biological processes
depends on achieving technical advances that make them profitable.
Thevastpotential ofmetabolicengineering coupledwithmodernad
vances in bioprocessing methods opens up a wide range of new possi
bilities and unprecedented uses for biotechnology in the production of
fuels and chemicals that more traditional technologies could not likely
achieve. Recent advances in biotechnology have reduced the estimated
cost of ethanol production from cellulosicbiomass to the point that itis
competitivefor blendingwithgasoline,andcontinuedreductions in the
cost of producing ethanol from cellulosic biomass will lead to its wide
spreaduseas apureautomotivefuel atascalewellbeyond anything we
have seenbefore. Such low-cost ethanol could become viable as a feed
stockfor ethylenesynthesis,openingup alarge segmentofthechemical
iii
lV Introduction
market to biotechnology-based products. Biotechnologies are emerging
for directly producingother chemicals and intermediates, such as lactic
and succinic acid and polyhydroxybutyrate, that are environmentally
friendly. Continuedadvancesinbiotechnologywillleadtodevelopment
ofalgae and higher plants thatcaneconomicallyproduce oils for trans
formation intodieselfuel substitutes,chemicals, and materials. Biotech
nologyisalsobeingapplied totheremovalofsulfurfrompetroleum,the
liquefaction ofcoal, and theprocessingofwaste streams.
These and numerous other applications of biotechnology to the pro
ductionoffuelsandchemicalsandenvironmentalcleanup,aswellasyet
unknown developments thatwillemergeinthefuture, willresultintre
mendousbenefitstosociety.Theywillcreatenewjobs,lowerthedepen
denceonoilimports,improvethetradebalance,improveourairquality,
cutgreenhousegasemissions,reducethehazardsofproducingfuelsand
chemicals, and prevent pollution. They will also provide profitable
enterprises that fuel our economy. Through the coordinated efforts of
universities, government research laboratories, and industry, biological
processes can be taken from conception to commercial uses that realize
this enormous potential.
Inthe traditionoftheannualsymposiumseries,theSeventeenthSym
posium on Biotechnologyfor Fuels and Chemicals continues to provide
a forum for the exchange of information and ideas on advances in bio
technologythatfacilitates theemergenceofalarge-scaleindustryfor the
competitive production of fuels and chemicals. This year's program
included35oraland115posterpresentationscoveringtopicsinthermal,
chemical, and biological processing; applied biological research;
bioprocessing research; process economics and commercialization; and
environmentalbiotechnology.Formaldiscussionsessionswereorganized
on moving ethanol and ethyl tertiary butyl ether into the marketplace,
biotechnologyfortheforestproductsindustry,movingbiodieselintothe
marketplace, and trends in commercial cellulases, such as production,
specifications, and cost. Coupledwith various tours, the banquet, infor
maldiscussions,andatranquilsetting,theSeventeenthSymposiumpro
videdacongenialatmosphereforproductiveinteractionsamongthe225
attendees from academia, industry, and government.
TheSeventeenthSymposiumwas sponsoredbytheOffice ofAlterna
tive Fuels and Office of Industrial Processes of the US Department of
Energy (DOE); the National Renewable Energy Laboratory; Oak Ridge
National Laboratory; Idaho National Engineering Laboratory; Argonne
National Laboratory; A.E. Staley Manufacturing Company; Archer
Daniels Midland Company; Bio-Technical Resources, L.P.; Chronopol,
Inc.; Colorado Institute for Research in Biotechnology; Dow Chemical;
DuPont Company; Enzyme Bio-Systems, Ltd; FermPro Manufacturing
LP; Gist-brocades; Golden Technologies Company, Inc.; Grain Process
ingCorporation;MartinMariettaEnergySystems;NationalCornGrow
ers Association; New Energy Corporation of Indiana; Raphael Katzen
Associates International, Inc.; South Point Ethanol; St. Lawrence Tech-
Introduction v
nologies Inc.; Weyerhaeuser; and the American ChemicalSociety, Divi
sion ofBiochemicalTechnology.
OrganizationoftheSymposiumwas asfollows:
Organizing Committee
CharlesE. Wyman, Chairman, National RenewableEnergy Laboratory
BrianH. Davison, Cochairman, OakRidge National Laboratory
KathleenClarkson,GenencorInternational
James Doncheck, Bio-Technical Resources, L.P.
Barbara Goodman, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Nancy Ho, Purdue University
ThomasJeffries, USDA Forest Products Laboratory
DonaldJohnson, Grain ProcessingCorporation
LaMarJohnson, Idaho National Engineering Laboratory
Raphael Katzen, Rafael Katzen AssociatesInternational, Inc.
Richard Moorer, U.S. DepartmentofEnergy
David Ollis, North Carolina State University
JackSaddler, University ofBritish Columbia
Linda Schilling, National Institutefor Standards and Technology
Jonathan Woodward, OakRidge National Laboratory
Session Chairpersons and Cochairpersons
Session 1:Thermal, Chemical, andBiological Processing
Marion Bradford,A.E. Staley
Cynthia Riley, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Session 2:AppliedBiological Research
TingCarlson,Cargill, Inc.
William Ape!, Idaho National Energy Laboratory
Session 3:BioprocessingResearch
David Ollis, North Carolina State University
George Philippidis, National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Session 4:Process Economics and Commercialization
Harry FoIster, Weyerhaeuser
KarlSanford, GenencorInternational
Session 5:Environmental Biotechnology
KerrySublette, University ofTulsa
K. Thomas Klasson, Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Poster Session
Antonios Antonopoulos,ArgonneNational Laboratory
Karel Grohmann, USDA Citrus and Subtropical Products Research
Laboratory
Acknowledgments
The submitted manuscript has been authored by a contractor of the
US Government under contract DE-AC36-83CHI0093. Accordingly, the
USGovernmentretainsanonexclusive,royalty-freelicensetopublishor
reproduce the published form ofthiscontribution,or allow others to do
so, for US Governmentpurposes.
Introduction
VI
The National Renewable Energy Laboratory is operated by Midwest
Research Institute, for the US DepartmentofEnergy undercontract DE
AC36-83CH190093.
OakRidgeNationalLaboratoryismanagedbyLockheedMartinEnergy
Systems, Inc., for the US Department of Energy under contract DE
AC05840R21400.
OtherProceedings inThis Series
1. "ProceedingsoftheFirstSymposiumonBiotechnologyinEnergyProduction
andConservation"(1978),Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 8.
2. "ProceedingsoftheSecondSymposiumonBiotechnologyinEnergyProduc
tionandConservation"(1980), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 10.
3. "ProceedingsoftheThirdSymposiumonBiotechnologyinEnergyProduction
andConservation"(1981),Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 11.
4. "ProceedingsoftheFourthSymposiumonBiotechnologyinEnergyProduc
tionandConservation" (1982),Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 12.
5. "ProceedingsoftheFifthSymposiumonBiotechnologyforFueJsandChemi
cals" (1983),Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 13.
6. "ProceedingsoftheSixthSymposiumonBiotechnologyforFuelsandChemi
cals" (1984), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 14.
7. "Proceedings of the Seventh Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and
Chemicals" (1985),Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 15.
8. "Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and
Chemicals" (1986), Biotechnol. Bioeng. Symp. 17.
9. "ProceedingsoftheNinthSymposiumonBiotechnologyforFuelsandChemi
cals" (1988),App/. Biochem. Biotechno/. 17,18.
10. "ProceedingsoftheTenthSymposiumonBiotechnologyforFuelsandChemi
cals"(1989),Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 20,21.
11. "Proceedings of the Eleventh Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and
Chemicals" (1990),Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 24,25.
12. "Proceedings of the Twelfth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and
Chemicals" (1991),Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 28,29.
13. "ProceedingsoftheThirteenthSymposiumonBiotechnologyfor Fuelsand
Chemicals"(1992),Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.34,35.
14. "ProceedingsoftheFourteenthSymposiumonBiotechnologyfor Fuelsand
Chemicals" (1993),Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol.39,40.
15. "Proceedings of the Fifteenth SympOSium on Biotechnology for Fuels and
Chemicals" (1994),Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 45,46.
16. "Proceedings of the SixteenthSymposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and
Chemicals" (1995),Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. 51/52.
Thissymposiumhasbeenheldannuallysince1978.Wearepleased
to have the proceedings of the Seventeenth Symposium currently pub
lishedin thisspecialissuetocontinuethetraditionofprovidingarecord
ofthe contributions made.
TheEighteenthSymposiumisplannedforMay5-9,1996inGatlinburg,
Tennessee. We encourage comments~or discussions relevant to the for
matorcontentofthatmeeting.
Applied Biochemistryand Biotechnology Vols. 57/58,Spring1996
CONTENTS
iii Charles E. Wyman andBrianH. Davison
Introductionto the ProceedingsoftheSeventeenthSymposiumon
Biotechnology for Fuelsand Chemicals
SESSION I-THERMAL,CHEMICAL,AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESSING
1 Marion Bradfordand Cynthia Riley
IntroductiontoSession1
3 Teh-An Hsu,"MikeHimmel, Dan Schell,lodyFarmer, andMark Berggren
Designand InitialOperationofa High-Solids,Pilot-ScaleReactor
for Dilute-AcidPretreatmentofLignocellulosic Biomass
19 In Soo Han andMunirCheryan"
DownstreamProcessingofAcetateFermentationBrothsby Nanofiltration
29 Christian Scheler, Milan Popovic, Eugene Iannotti, RickMueller,
andRakesh Bajpai"
ChemicalInteractionsBetweenAqueousandOrganicPhasesina Reactive
ExtractionProcess
39 Ningjun Cao, Qin Xu, lianlongNi, andLi-Fu Chen"
Enzymatic.HydrolysisofComStarchAfterExtractionofComOil
with Ethanol
49 loseM. Dominguez, ChengS. Gong, and George T. Tsao"
PretreatmentofSugarCaneBagasseHemicelluloseHydrolysatefor Xylitol
ProductionbyYeast
57 Sergio Luizde Lucena, EversonAlvesMiranda,
and CesarCostapinto Santana"
TheEffectofExternalReflux ontheFoamFractionationofProteins
67 Kyozo Suyama,"Yoshitaka Fukazawa, andHiroshi Suzumura
BiosorptionofPreciousMetalIonsbyChickenFeather
75 Sibel Uludag, Veara Loha,AlesProkop, andRobertD. Tanner"
TheEffectofFermentation(Retting)Timeand HarvestTimeonKudzu
(Pueraria lobata) FiberStrength
85 RobertTorget,,.ChristosHatzis, Tammy KayHayward, Teh-An Hsu,
andGeorgeP. Philippidis
OptimizationofReverse-Flow,Two-Temperature,Dilute-AcidPretreatment
to EnhanceBiomassConversionto Ethanol.
103 Manish Gulati, Paull. Westgate, Mark Brewer, RickHendrickson,
andMichael R. Ladisch"
SorptiveRecoveryofDiluteEthanolfromDistillationColumnBottomsStream
"Forpaperswithmultipleauthorship,theasteriskidentifiestheauthortowhomcorrespon
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AppliedBiochemistryandBiotechnology Vols. 57/58,Spring1996
267 KristineM. Dahn, BrianP. Davis, PaulE. Pittman,William R. Kenealy,
and Thomas W.Jeffries"
IncreasedXyloseReductaseActivityintheXylose-FermentingYeastPichia
stipitisbyOverexpressionofXYLl
277 Hugh G. Lawford"andJoyce D. Rousseau
TheRelationshipBetweenGrowthEnhancementandpetExpressioninEscherichiacoli
293 Hugh G. Lawford"andJoyceD. Rousseau
FactorsContributingtothe LossofEthanologenicityofEscherichia coli
BRecombinantspLOI297and KOl1
307 Hugh G. Lawford"andJoyce D. Rousseau
Studieson NutrientRequirementsand Cost-EffectiveSupplements
for EthanolProductionbyRecombinantE. coli
327 J. Kevin Polman," Catherine Rae, andKarenM. Delezene-Briggs
Coal-InducedEnhancementofEthanoland BiomassProduction
339 Ines C. C. Roberto,"Silvio S. Silva, Maria G.A. Felipe,
IsmaelM. DeMancilha,and Sunao Sato
BioconversionofRiceStrawHemicelluloseHydrolysatefor the Production
ofXylitol: EffectofpHandNitrogen Source
349 U. Viesturs,"M. Leite,A. Treimanis, T. Eremeeva,A.Apsite,M. Eisimonte,
andP.Jansons
ProductionofCellulasesand XylanasesbyTrichoderma virideand Biological
ProcessingofLignocelluloseandRecycled PaperFibers
361 Wasimul Q. Chowdhury, Kenji Idehara, Isamu Maeda, Fusako Umeda,
Kiyohito Yagi," Yoshiharu Miura, andTadashiMizoguchi
FactorsAffectingPolyhydroxybutyrateBiosynthesisintheMarine
PhotosyntheticBacteriumRhodopseudomonas sp. StrainW-1S
367 Fusako Umeda, Kazuhiro Yano, Noritsugu Gohda, Kikuno Fujihara,
Isamu Maeda, Kiyohito Yagi," Yoshiharu Miura, andTadashiMizoguchi
Acquisitionofthe Ability toGrowUnderAutotrophicConditions
byHeterotrophicBacteriaThrough the IntroductionofDNAFragments
from Hydrogen-OxidizingBacteria
375 Qu Yinbo," Gao Peiji, WangDong,Zhao Xin, andZhangXiao
Production,Characterization,and ApplicationoftheCellulase-FreeZylanase
from Aspergillus niger
383 Karel Grohmann,"RandallG. Cameron, andBela S. Buslig
FermentationofOrangePeelHydrolysatesbyEthanologenic Escherichia coli:
Effects ofNutritional Supplements
389 RobertA. Laymon, William S.Adney,AliMohagheghi,Michael E.Himmel,
and StevenR. Thomas"
Cloningand ExpressionofFull-LengthTrichoderma reeseiCellobiohydrolaseI
cDNAsin Escherichia coli
AppliedBiochemistryand Biotechnology Vols. 57/58,Spring1996
399 LuciaR. Durrant
EthanolProductionfrom CellulosebyTwoLignocellulolyticSoilFungi
407 JoseAbrahiio-Neto,PatriciaInfanti, andMichele Vitolo"'
HexokinaseProductionfromS. cerevisiae:CultureConditions
413 JoseD. Fontana,"'Manoel F. Guimariies, Natalia T. Martins,
ClaudioA.Fontana, andMadalena Baron
Culture oftheAstaxanthinogenicYeastPhaffia rhodozyma
inLow-CostMedia
423 MartinJ. Pfeifer, Silvio S. Silva,"'Maria G.A. Felipe, Ines C. Roberto,
and IsmaelM. Mancilha
EffectofCultureConditionsonXylitol Productionby Candida guilliermondii
FTI20037-ScientificNote
SESSION3-BIOPROCESSING RESEARCH
431 GeorgeP. Philippidis andDavidF. Ollis
IntroductiontoSession3
433 ParminderS. Chahal, DevinderS. Chahal,"' and GeorgeB. B. Le
ProductionofCellulase inSolid-StateFermentationwithTrichoderma reesei
MCG 80onWheatStraw
443 Christos Ratzis,"' Cynthia Riley, andGeorgeP. Philippidis
Detailed MaterialBalance and EthanolYieldCalculationsfor the
Biomass-to-EthanolConversionProcess
461 VictorA. Awafo,DevinderS. Chahal,"' BenK. Simpson, and GeorgeB. B. L€
ProductionofCellulase SystemsbySelected MutantsofTrichoderma reesei
inSolid-StateFermentationand TheirHydrolyticPotentials
471 RoqueL. Evangelista andZivko L. Nikolov"'
Recoveryand PurificationofLacticAcidfromFermentationBroth
byAdsorption
481 C. S. Gong,"'Ningjun Cao, Yan Sun, and G. T. Tsao
ProductionofL-MalicAcid from FumaricAcidbyResting Cells
of Brevibacterium sp.
489 Linda L. Renk"'andJames C. Linden
Solid-StateProductionofEthanolfromSorghum
503 EricN. Kaufman,"' Stanley P. Cooper, Maria K. Budner,
and GeraldR. Richardson
Continuousand SimultaneousFermentationandRecoveryofLacticAcid
ina BiparticleFluidized-BedBioreactor
517 ShengD. Zhou, Thomas A.McCaskey,"' andJacqueline Broder
EvaluationofNitrogenSupplementsfor BioconversionofMunicipalSolid
Waste to LacticAcid