Servants, Shophands, and Laborers in the Cities of Tokugawa Japan

251 Pages·1994·2.34 MB·English

by  Gary P. Leupp

Servants, Shophands, and Laborers
in the Cities of Tokugawa Japan

Servants, Shophands, and Laborers
in the Cities of Tokugawa Japan
Gary P. Leupp
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY
Copyright(cid:211) 1992byPrincetonUniversityPress
PublishedbyPrincetonUniversityPress,41WilliamStreet,
Princeton,NewJersey08540
IntheUnitedKingdom:PrincetonUniversityPress,Oxford
AllRightsReserved
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Leupp,GaryP.
Servants,shophands,andlaborersinthecitiesof
TokugawaJapan/GaryP.Leupp
p. cm.
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
1. Domestics—Japan—History. 2. Manualwork—
Japan—History. 3. Sweatshops—Japan—History.
4. Masterandservant—Japan—History I. Title.
HD8039.D52J34 1992 305.5¢62¢0952—dc20 91-45134
ISBN:0-691-03139-8
WearegratefultotheJapanFoundationforitssupport
TheauthorthankstheUniversityofArizonaPressforpermissionto
citethepoem“Onyourlongjourney...,”fromPatiaR.Isaku,
MountainStorm,PineBreeze:FolkSonginJapan(Tuscon,1981)
ThisbookhasbeencomposedinLinotronSabon
PrincetonUniversityPressbooksareprintedonacid-freepaper,
andmeettheguidelinesforpermanenceanddurabilityofthe
CommitteeonProductionGuidelinesforBookLongevityofthe
CouncilonLibraryResources
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2
For Mari

CONTENTS
ListofTables ix
Preface xi
Introduction 3
CHAPTER ONE
LaborandthePaxTokugawa 7
CHAPTER TWO
MasterandServantPopulations 29
CHAPTER THREE
Master-ServantRelations 65
CHAPTER FOUR
ServantsinSociety 106
CHAPTER FIVE
CasualLaborers 123
CHAPTER SIX
StrategiesfortheControlofCasualLaborers 155
Afterword 176
APPENDIXA
ANoteonSources 177
APPENDIXB
Money 182
Notes 183
Bibliography 219
Index 233

LIST OF TABLES
1.1 EarlyShogunateLawsAffectingLabor 20
1.2 TypesofServantsinKasama,1705 25
1.3 KasamaServants,byEmployerType 26
2.1 ServantsasaPercentageofOsakaWardPopulations, 1860 29
2.2 Servants as a Percentage of Kyoto Ward Populations, Late
TokugawaPeriod 30
2.3 Population ofMatsumoto,Ky(cid:131)h(cid:131)10(1725) 31
2.4 Required Numbers of Valets and Coolies to Be Retained by
Daimyo,1712 32
2.5 EmployersofServantsasaPercentageofAllHouseholdsin
OsakaWards 34
2.6 EmployersofServantsasaPercentageofAllHouseholdsin
KyotoWards,LateTokugawa Period 35
2.7 EmployersofServantsasaPercentageofHouseholds
inShij(cid:131)TateuriNakanomachi,Kyoto 35
2.8 Employers as a Percentageof AllUrban Households in Two
KyotoWards,LateTokugawa Period 36
2.9 Employers of Servants as a Percentageof All Households in
OsakaWards,AccordingtoClass 37
2.10 Employers of Servants as a Percentageof All Households in
KyotoWards,AccordingtoClass 39
2.11 AverageNumberofServantsperEmployerHouseholdin
ThreeWards 40
2.12 SamuraiHousehold ServantTypes:Manservants 42
2.13 SamuraiHousehold ServantTypes:Maidservants 46
2.14 ServantsinCommonerHouseholds:Manservants 47
2.15 ServantsinCommonerHouseholds:Maidservants 50
2.16 WagesforValetsinEdo,1829, AccordingtoStature 55
2.17 AgesofManservants,Mid-TokugawaPeriod 58
2.18 AgesofMaidservants,Kasama(1705) 59
2.19 AgesofNumanoHouseholdMaidservants 60
3.1 Birthplace of Servants Employed in Kikuyach(cid:131) (Osaka) and
inThreeKyotoWards,1868 66
3.2 ReasonsforDepartureofNumanoMaidservants 88
3.3 Reasonsfor Departure ofShirokiya Employees, Nihonbashi
Shop,Edo,1837–1867 88
3.4 AverageServiceTenuresofNumanoMaidservants(Days) 89
3.5 Service Tenures of Servants in Hiranoya Household, 1713–
1794 89
x LIST OF TABLES
3.6 Bonuses, Tips, and Valued Gifts as Percentage of Numano
Maidservants’Compensation 103
4.1 Occupations of Edo Tenant Hy(cid:131)sh(cid:131) Grantees with Service
Backgrounds 119
5.1 CasualLaborerTypes 124
5.2 OccupationalStructureofHousehold HeadsinIkeda-mura 125
5.3 NumberofLicensedPostalExpressFirms 133
5.4 FemaleCasualHiredWorkersinEdoHy(cid:131)sh(cid:131) 138
5.5 AgesofMaleHy(cid:131)sh(cid:131)RecipientsinEdo 140
5.6 AgesofKasamaDayLaborers,1705 141
5.7 OrganizationofLaboramongT(cid:131)kaid(cid:131)Packhorsemen 145