Sensors in Household Appliances, Volume 5

302 Pages·2003·4.82 MB·English

by  J. Hesse

SensorsApplications
Volume5
Sensorsin Household Appliances
SensorsinHouseholdAppliances(SensorsApplicationsVolume5).
EditedbyGuidoTschulena,AndreasLahrmann
Copyright©2003WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:3-527-30362-6
Sensors Applications
(cid:1) Sensors in Manufacturing
(cid:1) Sensors in Intelligent Buildings
(cid:1) Sensors in Medicine and Health Care
(cid:1) Sensors for Automotive Technology
(cid:1) Sensors in Household Appliances
(cid:1) Sensors in Aerospace Technology
(cid:1) Sensors in Environmental Technology
Related Wiley-VCH titles:
W.Göpel,J.Hesse,J.N.Zemel
Sensors Vol. 1–9
ISBN3-527-26538-4
H.Baltes,G.K.Fedder,J.Korvink
Sensors Update
ISSN1432-2404
Sensors Applications
Volume 5
Sensors in Household Appliances
Edited by
G.R. Tschulena, A. Lahrmann
Series Editors:
J. Hesse, J.W. Gardner, W. Göpel ((cid:1)
)
SeriesEditors (cid:1) This book was carefully produced. Nevertheless,
authors,editorsandpublisherdonotwarrantthe
Prof.Dr.J.Hesse informationcontainedthereintobefreeofer-
formerlyofCarlZeiss,Jena rors.Readersareadvisedtokeepinmindthat
Bismarckallee32c statements,data,illustrations,proceduraldetails
14193Berlin orotheritemsmayinadvertentlybeinaccurate.
Germany
Prof.J.W.Gardner
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undTheoretischeChemie DieDeutscheBibliothekliststhispublicationin
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©2003WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,
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sgtSensorberatung
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ISBN 3-527-30362-6
V
Preface to the Series
As the use of microelectronics became increasingly indispensable in measure-
ment and control technology, so there was an increasing need for suitable sen-
sors. From the mid-Seventies onwards sensors technology developed by leaps and
bounds and within ten years had reached the point where it seemed desirable to
publish a survey of what had been achieved so far. At the request of publishers
WILEY-VCH, the task of editing was taken on by Wolfgang Göpel of the Univer-
sity of Tübingen (Germany), Joachim Hesse of Carl Zeiss (Germany) and Jay Ze-
mel of the University of Philadelphia (USA), and between 1989 and 1995 a series
called Sensors was published in 8 volumes covering the field to date. The material
was grouped and presented according to the underlying physical principles and
reflected the degree of maturity of the respective methods and products. It was
written primarily with researchers and design engineers in mind, and new devel-
opments have been published each year in one or two supplementary volumes
called SensorsUpdate.
Both the publishers and the series editors, however, were agreed from the start
that eventually sensor users would want to see publications only dealing with
their own specific technical or scientific fields. Sure enough, during the Nineties
we saw significant developments in applications for sensor technology, and it is
now an indispensable part of many industrial processes and systems. It is timely,
therefore, to launch a new series,Sensors Applications. WILEY-VCHagain commis-
sioned Wolfgang Göpel and Joachim Hesse to plan the series, but sadly Wolfgang
Göpel suffered a fatal accident in June 1999 and did not live to see publication.
We are fortunate that Julian Gardner of the University of Warwick has been able
to take his place, but Wolfgang Göpel remains a co-editor posthumously and will
not beforgotten.
The series of Sensors Applications will deal with the use of sensors in the key
technical and economic sectors and systems: Sensors in Manufacturing, Intelligent
Buildings, Medicine and Health Care, Automotive Technology, Aerospace Technology,
Environmental Technology and Household Appliances. Each volume will be edited by
specialists in the field. Individual volumes may differ in certain respects as dic-
tated by the topic, but the emphasis in each case will be on the process or system
in question: which sensoris used, where, how and why, and exactly what the ben-
efits are to the user. The process or system itself will of course be outlined and
SensorsinHouseholdAppliances(SensorsApplicationsVolume5).
EditedbyGuidoTschulena,AndreasLahrmann
Copyright©2003WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:3-527-30362-6
VI PrefacetotheSeries
the volume will close with a look ahead to likely developmentsand applications in
the future. Actual sensor functions will only be described where it seems neces-
sary for an understanding of how they relate to the process or system. The basic
principles can always befoundin the earlierseriesofSensorsand SensorsUpdate.
The series editors would like to express their warm appreciation in the col-
leagues who have contributed their expertise as volume editors or authors. We are
deeply indebted to the publisher and would like to thank in particular Dr. Peter
Gregory, Dr. Jörn Ritterbusch and Dr. Claudia Barzen for their constructive assis-
tance both with the editorial detail and the publishing venture in general. We
trust that our endeavorswill meet with the reader’s approval.
Oberkochenand Coventry, November2000 JoachimHesse
Julian W. Gardner
VII
Foreword
NEXUS is a network of experts aimed to introduce more microsystems in the in-
dustrial applications. NEXUS operates within industrial and academic organisa-
tions, primarily in Europe, but also has significant high-level membership from
othercontinents, including USA and Far East Asia.
In its starting period, about one decade ago, NEXUS was mainly driven by aca-
demic members, working on dissemination of information on technical develop-
ments and market possibilities. Industrial interest soon expanded the network
and the current membership now exceeds 1000. Since mid-2001 the NEXUS net-
work has been transformed into the “NEXUS Association” based in Grenoble,
France. NEXUS activities continue to be strongly supported by the European
Commissionand MEMS/MST-related industry.
In response to the needs of the membership and the interest of the European
Commissionthe following specificactivitieswere carriedout:
(cid:1) The “NEXUS Market Analysis for Microsystems” was initiated in 1998 and the
first edition published in 2000. This second edition was published in Spring
2002, coveringthe periodto the year 2005.
(cid:1) The “NEXUS Technological Roadmap for Microsystems” was published in Dec.
2000, with and updated and broadenedreportdue in 2002/2003.
(cid:1) The members are also informed regularly on new European and national re-
search an development support activities in the areas of microsystem technol-
ogy and nanotechnology.
The NEXUS User Supplier Clubs provide the means for members to collect, dis-
cuss and to verify technical and market-related information. These USC operate
in the application areasof:
(cid:1) Automotive
(cid:1) Pharmaceutical and diagnostics
(cid:1) Medical Devices
(cid:1) Industrial ProcessControl
(cid:1) Peripherals and multimedia
(cid:1) Aerospaceand geophysics
(cid:1) Telecommunication
SensorsinHouseholdAppliances(SensorsApplicationsVolume5).
EditedbyGuidoTschulena,AndreasLahrmann
Copyright©2003WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:3-527-30362-6
VIII Foreword
(cid:1) Householdappliances
(cid:1) CAD tools
(cid:1) Packaging
(cid:1) Nano materials technology
The “NEXUS User-Supplier-Club Household Appliances” was founded during the
first European conference on “Commercialisation of Microsystems“ held in Dort-
mund in 1999. This Club has grown rapidly to a current membership of more
than 40 from major and smaller appliance companies, sensor and MSTsupplier
companiesand fromacademicinstitutions all overWestern Europe.
The Club holds 3 to 4 meetings per year, and with an exchange of information
and documents by e-Mail. Specifically the USC Household Appliances meetings
take place at factories of member companies, of research organisations, or in con-
junction with large fairs.
The household industry in Europe employs significant numbers of people and
requires high volumes, but it operates in a highly competitive area. The use of
more and better adapted electronics has been a major driving force in the last de-
cade and provides one means to reach the overall objective of reducing energy,
water and detergent consumption. This coupled to the introduction of more reli-
able and cost effective sensors and microsystems provides a means of remaining
competitivein a global economy.
The work on this book was one of the successful outcomes from the activities
of the NEXUS User Supplier Club on Household Appliances. We wish the mem-
berswell and hope for a successfulcontinuation of theseactivitiesin the future.
Gaetan Menozzi
Chairman of NEXUS
IX
Contents
ListofContributors XVII
1 TheIncreasingImportance ofSensorsinHouseholdAppliances 1
A. Lahrmann and G. Tschulena
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Sensorsin HouseholdAppliances 3
1.3 References 8
2 MarketData 9
G. Tschulena
2.1 Introduction – The HouseholdAppliance Industry 9
2.2 HA Industry Data – WorldMarket Data 10
2.3 HA Industry Data – European Market Data 10
2.4 Sensorsand MSTin HouseholdAppliances Market Data 14
2.5 Conclusion 17
3 Appliances andSensors 19
3.1 HomeLaundry Appliance Manufacturers –DriversofChange:
Socioeconomicsand Enablers 19
G. Wentzlaff, R. Herden and R. Stamminger
3.1.1 Introduction 19
3.1.2 Technical Outline 20
3.1.3 BasicFunctions 21
3.1.3.1 Agitation 21
3.1.3.2 Water Intake, WaterLevel 24
3.1.3.3 Temperature Control 25
3.1.3.4 Detergent Dispensing 27
3.1.3.5 Water and SudsMonitoring 29
3.1.3.6 Program Sequence 32
3.1.3.7 Operation and Display Technology 32
3.1.4 Summary 35
3.1.5 Acknowledgements 37
SensorsinHouseholdAppliances(SensorsApplicationsVolume5).
EditedbyGuidoTschulena,AndreasLahrmann
Copyright©2003WILEY-VCHVerlagGmbH&Co.KGaA,Weinheim
ISBN:3-527-30362-6
X Contents
3.2 Intelligent Combustion 37
H. Janssen,H.-W. Etzkorn, and S. Rusche
3.2.1 The Situation 37
3.2.2 PossibleMeasurementsofGasesCharacterisingthe State
ofCombustion 38
3.2.3 Suitable Sensorsfor Controlling CombustionProcesses 40
3.2.3.1 Capacitive Measuring 40
3.2.3.2 AcousticPrinciples 41
3.2.3.3 Optical Principles 41
3.2.3.4 Measurement of Thermal Conductivity 42
3.2.3.5 Heat ofReaction 42
3.2.3.6 Electrochemical Cells with Liquid Electrolyte 43
3.2.3.7 Electrochemical Cells with Solid Electrolyte 43
3.2.3.8 Semiconductors 45
3.2.3.9 Additional Possibilities 46
3.2.4 Some Exemplary Solutions 47
3.2.4.1 CombustionControl ofa BoilerOpen to the Room 47
3.2.4.2 Surveillance of a Fan-assistedSealed BoilerUsing
a Semiconducting Element 48
3.2.5 References 51
3.3 ConditionMonitoringfor Intelligent HouseholdAppliances 52
J. Goschnickand R. Körber
3.3.1 Introduction 52
3.3.2 High-Level Integrated Gas SensorMicroarrays 54
3.3.3 Gas Analytical Performanceof the Gradient Microarray 57
3.3.4 Application Examples 60
3.3.4.1 Controlling Frying Processes 60
3.3.4.2 IndoorAir Monitoring 61
3.3.5 Summary and Outlook 66
3.3.6 References 67
3.4 SensorExamples in Small Appliances 68
T. Bij deLeij
3.4.1 Reinventing Appliances 69
3.4.2 Facts and Figures 69
3.4.3 Sensorsin DAP Appliances 69
3.4.4 SensorCriteria 71
3.5 Infrared Ear Thermometers 72
B. Kraus
3.5.1 Introduction 72
3.5.2 SensorUnit 74
3.5.3 Electronicsand Temperature Calculation 76
3.5.4 Calibration 78
3.5.5 Conclusion 80
3.5.6 References 80