Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures, Volume 1: Sensing Hardware and Data Collection Methods for Performance Assessment

598 Pages·2014·43.936 MB·English

by  Ming L. Wang, Jerome P. Lynch, Hoon Sohn

Sensor Technologies for Civil Infrastructures
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Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and Optical Materials:
Number 55
Sensor Technologies for
Civil Infrastructures
Volume 1: Sensing Hardware
and Data Collection
Methods for Performance
Assessment

Edited by
M. L. Wang, J. P. Lynch
and H. Sohn

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Contents
Contributor contact details xiii
Woodhead Publishing Series in Electronic and
Optical Materials xvii
Preface xxiii
1 Introduction to sensing for structural performance
assessment and health monitoring 1
M. L. Wang, Northeastern University, USA, J. P. Lynch,
University of Michigan, USA and H. Sohn, Korea Advanced
Institute of Science and Technology, Republic of Korea
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Introduction to this book 5
1.3 Overview of sensors and sensing system hardware 5
1.4 Overview of sensor data interrogation and decision making 9
1.5 Overview of application of sensing systems to operational
infrastructure 11
1.6 Future trends 13
1.7 Conclusion 17
1.8 References 20
2 Sensor data acquisition systems and architectures 23
M. D. Todd, University of California San Diego, USA
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Concepts in signals and digital sampling 30
2.3 Analog-to-digital conversion 34
2.4 Digital-to-analog conversion 39
2.5 Data acquisition systems 41
2.6 Optical sensing DAQ system 47
2.7 Conclusion and future trends 54
2.8 References 56
v
vi Contents
3 Commonly used sensors for civil infrastructures and
their associated algorithms 57
N. C. Yoder, Whistle Labs Inc., USA and D. E. Adams,
Vanderbilt University, USA
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 Brief review of commonly used sensing technologies 58
3.3 Associated algorithms 69
3.4 Examples of continuous monitoring systems 78
3.5 Conclusions and future trends 79
3.6 References 80
4 Piezoelectric transducers for assessing and monitoring
civil infrastructures 86
Y-K. An, Southeast University, China, and M. K. Kim and
H. Sohn, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
(KAIST), Republic of Korea
4.1 Introduction 86
4.2 Principle of piezoelectricity 87
4.3 Piezoelectric materials and the fabrication of piezoelectric
transducers 92
4.4 Piezoelectric transducers for SHM applications 95
4.5 Bonding effects 97
4.6 Limitations of piezoelectric transducers 98
4.7 SHM techniques using piezoelectric transducers 99
4.8 Applications of piezoelectric transducer-based SHM 105
4.9 Future trends 110
4.10 Conclusion 112
4.11 References 113
5 Fiber optic sensors for assessing and monitoring civil
infrastructures 121
K. J. Peters, North Carolina State University, USA, and
D. Inaudi, SMARTEC S.A. Switzerland
5.1 Introduction 121
5.2 Properties of optical fi bers 123
5.3 Common optical fi ber sensors 130
5.4 Future trends 145
5.5 Sources for further information and advice 150
5.6 Conclusions 150
5.7 References 150
Contents vii
6 Acoustic emission sensors for assessing and
monitoring civil infrastructures 159
M. Meo, University of Bath, UK
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Fundamentals of acoustic emission (AE) technique 160
6.3 Interpretation of AE signals 161
6.4 AE localization methods 162
6.5 Severity assessment 166
6.6 AE equipment technology 169
6.7 Field applications and structural health monitoring using AE 171
6.8 Future challenges 175
6.9 Conclusion 176
6.10 References 176
7 Nonlinear acoustic and ultrasound methods for
assessing and monitoring civil infrastructures 179
M. Meo, University of Bath, UK
7. 1 Introduction 179
7. 2 Fundamentals of nonlinear acousto-ultrasound techniques 181
7. 3 Harmonic and subharmonic generation 182
7. 4 Nonlinear wave modulation 185
7. 5 Nonlinear resonance ultrasound spectroscopy 191
7. 6 Future trends 196
7. 7 Conclusions 197
7. 8 References 197
8 Radar technology: radio frequency, interferometric,
millimeter wave and terahertz sensors for assessing
and monitoring civil infrastructures 201
D. Huston, University of Vermont, USA and D. B usuioc,
DB Consulting, USA
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Brief history of ground penetrating radar (GPR) systems 203
8.3 Current challenges and state of the art systems 208
8.4 Fundamentals of operation 209
8.5 Electromagnetic interactions with materials 217
8.6 Transmitter and receiver design 219
8.7 Signal processing 224
8.8 Laboratory and fi eld studies 227
8.9 Conclusions and future trends 232
8.10 References 234
viii Contents
9 Electromagnetic sensors for assessing and monitoring
civil infrastructures 238
M. L. Wang, Northeastern University, USA and G. Wang,
Chicago Bridge and Iron, USA
9.1 Introduction to magnetics and magnetic materials 238
9.2 Introduction to magnetoelasticity 242
9.3 Magnetic sensory technologies 245
9.4 Role of microstructure in magnetization and
magnetoelasticity 249
9.5 Magnetoelastic stress sensors for tension monitoring of
steel cables 253
9.6 Temperature effects 256
9.7 Eddy current 258
9.8 Removable (portable) elastomagnetic stress sensor 259
9.9 Conclusion and future trends 262
9.10 References 262
10 Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) for
assessing and monitoring civil infrastructures 265
D. Ozevin, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
10.1 Introduction 265
10.2 Sensor materials and micromachining techniques 266
10.3 Sensor characteristics 273
10.4 MEMS sensors for SHM 279
10.5 Application examples 284
10.6 Long term technical challenges 285
10.7 Conclusion and future trends 286
10.8 Sources of further information and advice 288
10.9 References 289
11 Multifunctional materials and nanotechnology for
assessing and monitoring civil infrastructures 295
K. J. Loh and D. Ryu, University of California-Davis, USA
11.1 Introduction 295
11.2 Properties of carbon nanomaterials 296
11.3 Cementitious-based composites 299
11.4 Fiber-reinforced polymer composites 303
11.5 Polymer-based thin fi lms 306
11.6 Conclusion and future trends 316
11.7 References 317
Contents ix
12 Laser-based sensing for assessing and monitoring
civil infrastructures 327
T-Y. Yu, University of Massachusetts Lowell, USA
12.1 Introduction 327
12.2 Laser principles 329
12.3 Laser interferometry or electronic speckle pattern
interferometry 333
12.4 Laser digital shearography 335
12.5 Laser scanning photogrammetry 337
12.6 Laser Doppler vibrometry 339
12.7 Laser-ultrasound 342
12.8 Other laser-based techniques 346
12.9 Civil infrastructure applications 348
12.10 Laser safety 351
12.11 Conclusion 352
12.12 References 352
13 Corrosion sensing for assessing and monitoring civil
infrastructures 357
A. Poursaee, Clemson University, USA
13.1 Introduction 357
13.2 Principles of corrosion 358
13.3 Corrosion evaluation techniques 361
13.4 Corrosion sensors for fi eld monitoring 372
13.5 Conclusion and future trends 377
13.6 References 378
14 Vision-based sensing for assessing and monitoring
civil infrastructures 383
Y. F. Ji, Tongji University, China and C. C. Chang, Hong Kong
University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
14.1 Introduction 383
14.2 Vision-based measurement techniques for civil engineering
applications 386
14.3 Important issues for vision-based measurement techniques 388
14.4 Applications for vision-based sensing techniques 396
14.5 Conclusions 405
14.6 Acknowledgment 406
14.7 References 406
x Contents
15 Robotic sensing for assessing and monitoring civil
infrastructures 410
H. Myung, H. Jeon and Y-S. Bang, Korea Advanced Institute
of Science and Technology (KAIST), Republic of Korea and
Y. Wang, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
15.1 Introduction 410
15.2 Vision-based robotic sensing for structural health
monitoring (SHM) 414
15.3 Remote robotic sensing for SHM 419
15.4 Vibration-based mobile wireless sensors 424
15.5 Conclusions and future trends 436
15.6 References 439
16 Design and selection of wireless structural monitoring
systems for civil infrastructures 446
M. B. Kane, C. Peckens and J. P. Lynch, University of
Michigan, USA
16.1 Introduction 446
16.2 Overview of wireless networks 450
16.3 Hardware design and selection 456
16.4 Wireless sensor network software 464
16.5 Conclusion and future trends 471
16.6 Acknowledgments 472
16.7 References 472
17 Permanent installation of wireless structural
monitoring systems in infrastructure systems 480
C. A. Peckens, M. B. Kane, Y. Zhang and J. P. Lynch,
University of Michigan, USA
17. 1 Introduction 480
17. 2 Case study I – The Golden Gate Bridge, San Francisco,
California, USA 482
17. 3 Case study II – The Stork Bridge, Winterthur, Switzerland 487
17. 4 Case study III – Jindo Bridge, Haenam/Jindo, South Korea 492
17. 5 Case study IV – New Carquinez Bridge, Vallejo/Crockett,
California, USA 497
17. 6 Conclusion 505
17. 7 Acknowledgments 505
17. 8 References 506