Table Of ContentSmart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 8
Alex Mason
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera
Nabarun Bhattacharyya E ditors
Sensing
Technology:
Current Status
and Future
Trends II
Smart Sensors, Measurement
and Instrumentation
Volume 8
Series editor
S. C. Mukhopadhyay, Palmerston North, New Zealand
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10617
Alex Mason Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
•
Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera
Nabarun Bhattacharyya
Editors
Sensing Technology:
Current Status and Future
Trends II
123
Editors
Alex Mason KrishanthiPadmarani Jayasundera
School ofBuilt Environment Instituteof FundamentalSciences
Built Environmentand Sustainable MasseyUniversity (Manawatu Campus)
Technologies Research Institute Palmerston North
Liverpool JohnMoores University New Zealand
Liverpool
UK Nabarun Bhattacharyya
Centre forDevelopment inAdvanced
SubhasChandra Mukhopadhyay Computing
School ofEngineering andAdvanced Kolkata
Technology India
MasseyUniversity (Manawatu Campus)
Palmerston North
New Zealand
Thebookeditorsare‘‘GuestEditors’’.
ISSN 2194-8402 ISSN 2194-8410 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-02314-4 ISBN 978-3-319-02315-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02315-1
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013953628
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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Preface
The applications of Sensing Technology include medical diagnostics, industrial
manufacturing, defense, national security, and prevention of natural disaster. The
correct detection of events by high performance sensors, and appropriate analysis
of sensor signals can lead to early warning of phenomena, such as ‘‘Superstorm
Sandy’’ which hit the eastern coast of the United States in 2012, and help to
prevent deaths from these types of catastrophic incident. There is a need for
interaction between researchers across technologically advanced and developing
countries working on design, fabrication, and development of different sensors.
This book contains a collection of selected works stemming from the 2012
International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), which was held in
Kolkata,India.Thiswasthesixthtimetheconferencehadbeenheld,andoverthe
years it has become an incredibly successful event—in 2012 it attracted over 245
papers and provided a forum for interaction between researchers across techno-
logically advanced and developing countries working on design, fabrication, and
development of different sensors.
The conference was jointly organized by the Center for the Development of
Advanced Computing (CDAC), India, and the School of Engineering and
Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand. We wholeheartedly
thankthemembersofCDACforextendingtheirsupporttotheconference,aswell
astheauthorsandtheTechnicalProgramCommittee:withoutthesupportofthese
people the conference would not be possible.
Since ICST provides a platform for a wide range of sensing technologies,
however of late there has been significant interest in sensors which mimic the
human or other biological sensors, this book focuses specifically on work in this
area.Thefirstvolumeofthisbook,availableseparately,considersabroaderrange
of sensors and their applications.
Chapter 1 discusses the implementation of improved cochlea implants. Such
implants seeks provide aid to those who have suffered hearing loss, a problem
which impacts over 36 million people. This work seeks to improve the process
through which the implants are constructed, moving from wire-based systems to
microfabricated electrode arrays, which provides highly localized stimulation and
recording of the neural tissue. In addition to it, electronics and sensor integration
enhances working performances with added functionality.
v
vi Preface
Chapters 2–4 focus on machine vision systems, considering applications of
machine vision for sorting in the food industry (Chap. 2), methods for processing
of data produced by vision systems (Chap. 3), and the implementation of a
stereovision system for tracking of a moving object.
Chapter5considersthedevelopmentandvalidationofanelectronictongue-based
sensor, seeking to compare the performance of biochemical systems against the
subjectiveevaluationofhumantesters.
Chapters 6–11 study the growingly popular electronic nose type sensors, used
for a variety of applications; tea quality estimation (Chaps. 7 and 10); food
lifetime (Chap. 8) and vapor toxicity (Chap. 11).
The final chapter (Chap. 12) discuss the implementation of a sensor testing
system, specifically aimed at physiological sensing systems. This is an important
consideration;overtimesensorcharacteristicsmayalter,failorbecomeotherwise
compromised. It is therefore important to have standard methods to ensure that
integrityofsensors,particularlythosewhicharereliedupontoprovidelifecritical
information.
This book is written for academic and industry professionals working in the
field of sensing, instrumentation, and related fields, and is positioned to give a
snapshotofthecurrentstateoftheartinsensingtechnology,particularlyfromthe
applied perspective. The book is intended to give broad overview of the latest
developments, in addition to discussing the process through which researchers go
through in order to develop sensors, or related systems, which will become more
widespread in the future.
We would like to express our appreciation to our distinguished authors of the
chapters whose expertise and professionalism has certainly contributed signifi-
cantly to this book.
Alex Mason
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera
Nabarun Bhattacharyya
Contents
1 Cochlear Implant Electrode Improvement for Stimulation
and Sensing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
N. S. Lawand, P. J. French, J. van Driel, J. J. Briaire
and J. H. M. Frijns
2 Machine Vision Based Techniques for Automatic Mango
Fruit Sorting and Grading Based on Maturity Level and Size . . . 27
C. S. Nandi, B. Tudu and C. Koley
3 Region Adaptive, Unsharp Masking Based Lanczos-3
Interpolation for 2-D Up-Sampling: Crisp-Rule Versus
Fuzzy-Rule Based Approach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
A. Acharya and S. Meher
4 Gaze-Controlled Stereo Vision to Measure Position and Track
a Moving Object: Machine Vision for Crane Control . . . . . . . . . 75
Yasuo Yoshida
5 Integrated Determination of Tea Quality Based on Taster’s
Evaluation, Biochemical Characterization
and Use of Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
P. Biswas, S. Chatterjee, N. Kumar, M. Singh,
A. Basu Majumder and B. Bera
6 Electronic Nose and Its Application to Microbiological
Food Spoilage Screening. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
M. Falasconi, E. Comini, I. Concina, V. Sberveglieri and E. Gobbi
7 Multiclass Kernel Classifiers for Quality Estimation
of Black Tea Using Electronic Nose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
P. Saha, S. Ghorai, B. Tudu, R. Bandyopadhyay
and N. Bhattacharyya
vii
viii Contents
8 Electronic Nose Setup for Estimation of Rancidity in Cookies . . . 161
D. Chatterjee, P. Bhattacharjee, H. Lechat, F. Ayouni, V. Vabre
and N. Bhattacharyya
9 Optimization of Sensor Array in Electronic Nose
by Combinational Feature Selection Method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
P. Saha, S. Ghorai, B. Tudu, R. Bandyopadhyay
and N. Bhattacharyya
10 Exploratory Study on Aroma Profile of Cardamom by GC-MS
and Electronic Nose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
D. Ghosh, S. Mukherjee, S. Sarkar, N. K. Leela, V. K. Murthy,
N. Bhattacharyya, P. Chopra and A. M. Muneeb
11 High Frequency Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Device
for Toxic Vapor Detection: Prospects and Challenges . . . . . . . . . 217
T. Islam, U. Mittal, A. T. Nimal and M. U. Sharma
12 Electronic and Electromechanical Tester
of Physiological Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
E. Sazonov, T. Haskew, A. Price, B. Grace and A. Dollins
About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
Chapter 1
Cochlear Implant Electrode Improvement
for Stimulation and Sensing
N.S.Lawand,P.J.French,J.vanDriel,J.J.BriaireandJ.H.M.Frijns
Abstract Electrode array, an important component of the Cochlear Implant (CI)
designholdsakeypositioninrestoringthehearingprocesstothedeafpatients.It
represents a direct interface between the auditory nerve (biological tissue) and the
electronicsystemoftheCI.Electrodearraysareavailableindifferentdesign,mater-
ial,shapeandsizedependingupontherequirementandtheapplicationofthedevice.
Thetraditionalfabricationmethodofthedevicerestrictstheelectrodeusabilityand
its performance. In this chapter we investigate and explore capable materials for
CI electrode array fabrication used for stimulation purposes. Here we discuss the
CMOScompatibleelectrodematerialTitaniumNitride(TiN)asoneofthepossible
candidateforelectricalstimulationinelectrodearray.Electricalcharacterizationin
termsofcurrentdensity,Electromigration,Impedance,andTemperatureCoefficient
of resistance (TCR) for different materials were performed to demonstrate electri-
calcompatibility.Micro-fabricationprocessforelectrodearrayisdiscussedwhich
exhibits the future advantageous manufacturing technique in comparison with the
traditionalmethodusednowadays.
B
N.S.Lawand( )·P.J.French·J.vanDriel
EILab,EWIFaculty,DelftUniversityofTechnology,
2628CD Delft,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
P.J.French
e-mail:[email protected]
J.vanDriel
e-mail:[email protected]
J.J.Briaire·J.H.M.Frijns
ENTDepartment,LeidenUniversityMedicalCentre,
P.O.Box9600,2300RC Leiden,TheNetherlands
e-mail:[email protected]
J.H.M.Frijns
e-mail:[email protected]
A.Masonetal.(eds.),SensingTechnology:CurrentStatusandFutureTrendsII, 1
SmartSensors,MeasurementandInstrumentation8,DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-02315-1_1,
©SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
2 N.S.Lawandetal.
· ·
Keywords Cochlearimplants(CI’s) Microelectrodematerial Neuralstimulation
·
andsensing TitaniumNitride(TiN)
1 Introduction
Hearinglossisobservedinpeopleofallages.Approximately36millionpeopleare
affected to some extent of hearing loss in the United States alone [1]. Hearing aid
devicesbenefitmanyofthesepatientsbysoundamplificationbutthosewithsevere
profound loss of sensory hair cells (sensorineural hearing loss), are not benefited
fromthesedevices.Bystudiesithasbeenfoundthat85%ofhearinglossisdueto
damageofsensoryhaircellsinsidecochlea.Thisdamagecanbegeneticorcaused
by diseases such as meningitis injury, measles disease, and ageing or with intake
ofimproperdrugscausingadverseeffectonthefunctioningofthehaircells.Over
the last two decades auditory neural prosthesis known as cochlear implants (CI’s)
havebenefitedthesepatients.CI’sareimplantabledeviceswhichby-passthenon-
functionalinnerearanddirectlystimulatetheauditorynervewithelectriccurrents
thusenablingdeafpeopletoexperiencespeechandsoundagain.Itactuallyoverlooks
thedamagedorthemissinghaircellswithinthecochleawhichnormallywoulddo
thedecodingofthesound.TheCIconsistsofareceiver-stimulatorpackage,which
receivespoweranddecodestheinstructionsforcontrollingtheelectricalstimulation,
andanelectrodearray,whichhaselectrodesplacedinsidethecochleanearthehair
cells in order to stimulate them which are in turn connected to the auditory nerve
fibreswhichfurtherconnecttotheauditorycortexofthebrainasseeninFig.1[2].
Fig.1 TheCIwithmicrophone,transmitter,receiver/stimulatorandtheelectrodearray[2]
