Table Of ContentSmart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation 7
Alex Mason
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera
Nabarun Bhattacharyya Editors
Sensing
Technology:
Current Status
and Future
Trends I
Smart Sensors, Measurement
and Instrumentation
Volume 7
Series editor
S. C. Mukhopadhyay, Palmerston North, New Zealand
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/10617
Alex Mason Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
•
Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera
Nabarun Bhattacharyya
Editors
Sensing Technology:
Current Status and Future
Trends I
123
Editors
Alex Mason KrishanthiPadmarani Jayasundera
School ofBuilt Environment Instituteof FundamentalSciences
Built Environmentand Sustainable MasseyUniversity (Manawatu Campus)
Technologies Research Institute Palmerston North
Liverpool JohnMoores University New Zealand
Liverpool
UK Nabarun Bhattacharyya
Centre forDevelopment ofAdvanced
SubhasChandra Mukhopadhyay Computing
School ofEngineering andAdvanced Kolkata
Technology India
MasseyUniversity (Manawatu Campus)
Palmerston North
New Zealand
Thebookeditorsare‘‘GuestEditors’’.
ISSN 2194-8402 ISSN 2194-8410 (electronic)
ISBN 978-3-319-02317-5 ISBN 978-3-319-02318-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-02318-2
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013953628
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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Preface
The applications of Sensing Technology include medical diagnostics, industrial
manufacturing, defense, national security, and prevention of natural disaster. The
correct detection of events by high performance sensors, and appropriate analysis
of sensor signals can lead to early warning of phenomena, such as ‘‘Superstorm
Sandy’’ which hit the eastern coast of the United States in 2012, and help to
prevent deaths from these types of catastrophic incident. There is a need for
interaction between researchers across technologically advanced and developing
countries working on design, fabrication, and development of different sensors.
This book contains a collection of selected works stemming from the 2012
International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), which was held in
Kolkata,India.Thiswasthesixthtimetheconferencehadbeenheld,andoverthe
years it has become an incredibly successful event—in 2012 it attracted over 245
papers and provided a forum for interaction between researchers across techno-
logically advanced and developing countries working on design, fabrication, and
development of different sensors.
The conference was jointly organized by the Centre for the Development of
Advanced Computing (CDAC), India, and the School of Engineering and
Advanced Technology, Massey University, New Zealand. We whole-heartedly
thankthemembersofCDACforextendingtheirsupporttotheconference,aswell
astheauthorsandtheTechnicalProgramCommittee:withoutthesupportofthese
people the conference would not be possible.
Since ICST provides a platform for a wide range of sensing technologies, this
bookpresentsabroadoverviewoftheworkcurrentlyundertakenbyresearchersin
this field internationally; the second volume of this book, available separately,
focuses specifically on sensors in the bio-mimicking area.
Chapter 1 begins with work discussing a smart system for monitoring of a
person’s movement and vital signs, a comprehensive system that has been
developed in response to the world-wide issue of population ageing. It is thought
that such systems will prove essential in the future in order to assist healthcare
providers in targeting their efforts toward patients in need of care, thus replacing
currentperiodicvisitmodelsforhealthcaredelivery.Chapter 2continueswiththe
elder-care theme, proposing an alternative method for the monitoring of vital
signs, specifically respiratory systems for signs of some prevailing disorder.
Chapter 3 rounds off the healthcare theme with the use of sensors for analysis of
v
vi Preface
gaitduringwalkinginordertomonitoranddevelop,throughbiofeedback,patient
walking patterns, which are both safe and offer sufficient clearance.
Chapter 4 discusses the notion of sensor modeling, which can address major
challenges about heterogeneity in sensor data communication, data representation
andtheirsemantics. Thischapterpresentsanovelsevenlayermodelingapproach
whichenablesthedescriptionofsensormodelsfromthephysicalpropertiestothe
endfunctionality(i.e.definitionofsensorserviceswhichcaninterface seamlessly
and work corporately with other enterprise applications). Chapter 5 considers the
useofmodeling,viasmallsignalanalysis,toapplytheleveldeterminationmethod
of pneumatic volume gauging to ventilated storage vessels.
Chapter 6seesthefirstinasequenceofchapterswhich discuss applicationof
electromagnetic-based sensor systems. Such systems are typically useful for
measurements of material dielectric properties, and can often offer advantages
over competing sensor technologies in terms of reduced complexity and cost. In
particular, this Chapter describes a system for the monitoring of water quality.
Chapter 7 discusses the application of a resonant cavity sensor to the problem of
monitoring water holding capacity in meat. Chapter 8 discuss the use of micro-
wave tomography for analysis of timber, and finally for this topic, Chap. 9 con-
siders the use of microwave frequency technology for the purpose of structural
health monitoring, namely the monitoring of metallic structural elements.
Chapters 10–13 focus on sensors suited for the purposes of gas sensing, par-
ticularly through the use of nano-structures (Chaps. 10 and 11) and thick film
resistors (Chaps. 12 and 13). These chapters discuss the design, construction, and
rigoroustestingundertakenforavarietyofsensortypesdevelopedbyresearchers
at a number of Institutions-based in India.
Chapter 14discussesworkofJapaneseresearchers,whohavedevelopedalaser
inducedbreakdownspectroscopy(LIBS)system,andarelookingatnovelwaysto
improve its sensitivity for measurement purposes. Chapter 15 considers the
development ofan image analysis system which is demonstrated as having use in
security applications, as well as for monitoring for abnormalities in buildings
services systems, thus showing huge potential for future works in a number of
applied areas.
Chapter 16,whilenotdealingdirectlywithdevelopmentofsensing,discusses
important issues intheareaofenergyharvesting.Energyis typicallyasignificant
challenge for researchers considering remote or environmental monitoring appli-
cations since batterieshave afinitelifetime. Thus,thisworksupports the workof
others(e.g.,systemssuchasthosediscussedin Chaps. 1–3),ensuringthatsensor
network systems have a prolonged operational life-span.
Thefinalchapterofthebookdiscussesanareaoffuturepotentialandneed for
sensor development, that of radiation contamination in water. Tragic events such
as Chernobyl and Fukushima have led to water sources being threatened by high
levelsofradiologicalcontamination.Theseimpactbothondrinkingwateraswell
as food sources through the food chain and thus cause a significant interest. The
chapter focuses on the most common sources of radiological contamination of
water; it reviews the current regulatory approach to the measurement of such
Preface vii
contaminationandcriticallydiscussestheadvantagesandlimitationsoftraditional
laboratory-based methods of water samples analysis as compared to novel
emerging technologies that could be potentially implemented into online moni-
toring system for continuous verification of water quality and safety.
This book is written for academic and industry professionals working in the
field of sensing, instrumentation and related fields, and is positioned to give a
snapshotofthecurrentstateoftheartinsensingtechnology,particularlyfromthe
applied perspective. The book is intended to give broad overview of the latest
developments, in addition to discussing the process through which researchers go
through in order to develop sensors, or related systems, which will become more
widespread in the future.
We would like to express our appreciation to our distinguished authors of the
chapters whose expertise and professionalism has certainly contributed signifi-
cantly to this book.
Alex Mason
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Krishanthi Padmarani Jayasundera
Nabarun Bhattacharyya
Contents
1 A Novel Smart Sensing Platform for Vital Signs and Motor
Activity Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
M. Ribeiro, O. Postolache and P. Girão
2 Real-Time Monitoring of Respiratory Diseases of Distantly
Located Elderly Impaired Patients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
S. Bagchi and M. Chattopadhyay
3 Real-Time Position Sensing for Biofeedback-Based
Gait Training. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
R. van der Straaten and R. Begg
4 A Comprehensive Seven Layer Sensor Model:
Cyber-Physical System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
R. Dasgupta, D. Chattopadhyay, A. Pal and T. Chakravarty
5 Small-Signal Analysis of the Nonlinear Acoustic Behavior
of Vented Vessels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
R. Brunnader and G. Holler
6 Flexible Electromagnetic Wave Sensors for Real-Time
Assessment of Water Contaminants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
O. Korostynska, A. Mason and A. I. Al-Shamma’a
7 Assessing Water-Holding Capacity (WHC) of Meat Using
Microwave Spectroscopy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
B. M. Abdullah, J. D. Cullen, O. Korostynska,
A. Mason and A. I. Al-Shamma’a
8 Microwave Tomography in Timber Processing:
Two Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
I. Platt, I. Woodhead, M. Hagedorn and S. Richards
ix
x Contents
9 A Novel Method for Monitoring Structural Metallic
Materials Using Microwave NDT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
B. M. Abdullah, J. Cullen, A. Mason and A. I. Al-Shamma’a
10 Nanostructured Nickel Oxide by Hydrothermal Route
for Gas Sensing Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
D. V. Ahire, G. E. Patil, D. D. Kajale, V. B. Gaikwad
and G. H. Jain
11 Preparation of Ni-doped ZnO Nanorods by Hydrothermal
Route for Gas Sensor Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
G. H. Jain, G. E. Patil, G. J. Mogal, D. V. Ahire, R. L. Patil,
D. D. Kajale, S. D. Shinde and V. B. Gaikwad
12 Studies of Microstructure Properties and Gas Sensing
Performance of (Sn Ti )O Thick Film Resistors. . . . . . . . . . . 209
0.3 0.7 2
P. D. Hire, V. B. Gaikwad, N. U. Patil, M. K. Deore and G. H. Jain
13 Synthesis, Characterization and Ammonia Gas Sensing
Properties of Cr O Doped ZrO Thick Film Resistor. . . . . . . . . 231
2 3 2
S. B. Deshmukh, R. H. Bari and G. H. Jain
14 Effectiveness of Argon Nanobubbles in Realizing Enhanced
Optical Sensitization for Laser-induced
Breakdown Spectroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
S. Ikezawa and T. Ueda
15 Overview of the Development and Applications of a Vision
Based Scene Change Detector. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
A. J. Tickle
16 Design of AC–DC Converter for Magnetic Energy
Harvesting Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
K. Tashiro, H. Wakiwaka, Y. Uchiyama and G. Hattori
17 Modern Methods of Monitoring Radiological Contamination
of Water Reservoirs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
O. Korostynska, A. Mason, S. Ikezawa and A. I. Al-Shamma’a
About the Editors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
Chapter 1
A Novel Smart Sensing Platform for Vital
Signs and Motor Activity Monitoring
M. Ribeiro, O. Postolache and P. Girão
Abstract Tele-monitoring associated with vital signs and motor activity
represents nowadays an important issue considering the necessity to increase the
number of medical services for the aged people living in their houses. The latest
developmentsinthefieldofmobiledevices,wirelesscommunicationsandInternet
accesspromotethesetypesofsolutions.Thechapterpresentsacriticalanalysisof
smart sensing solutions existing in the market and proposes a novel architecture
designed for fast prototyping of sensing systems for human motor and cardiac
activity monitoring. An extended description of the hardware, firmware, and
software associated with proposed smart sensing platform is described in the
chapter.
Keywords Cardiac activity monitoring (cid:2) motor activity monitoring (cid:2) Ubiquitous
systems(cid:2)Modularsensingplatform(cid:2)Sensors(cid:2)Hardwareredesign(cid:2)Codereuse(cid:2)
Wireless sensor networks (WSN)
1 Introduction
New reality of global aging demographics and worldwide chronic diseases is
forcing healthcare providers to move costs and care away from the hospital and
primarycareenvironment,andintroduceamodernapproachtohealthcarethrough
the usage of tele-healthcare that provides information about the patient health
status. In this context, the development of reliable monitors for vital signs and
motor activity continues to be an important challenge for biomedical research
O.Postolache(&)
InstitutodeTelecomunicaçõesandISCTE-IUL,Lisbon,Portugal
e-mail:[email protected]
M.Ribeiro(cid:2)P.Girão
InstitutodeTelecomunicaçõesandDEECIST-UL,Lisbon,Portugal
A.Masonetal.(eds.),SensingTechnology:CurrentStatusandFutureTrendsI, 1
SmartSensors,MeasurementandInstrumentation7,DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-02318-2_1,
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
