Table Of ContentSpringerSeriesin
materials science
99
SpringerSeriesin
materials science
Editors: R.Hull R.M.Osgood,Jr. J.Parisi H.Warlimont
The Springer Series in Materials Science covers the complete spectrum of materials physics,
includingfundamentalprinciples,physicalproperties,materialstheoryanddesign.Recognizing
theincreasingimportanceofmaterialsscienceinfuturedevicetechnologies,thebooktitlesinthis
seriesreflectthestate-of-the-artinunderstandingandcontrollingthestructureandproperties
ofallimportantclassesofmaterials.
88 Introduction 96 GaNElectronics
toWaveScattering,Localization ByR.Quay
andMesoscopicPhenomena
97 MultifunctionalBarriers
ByP.Sheng
forFlexibleStructure
89 Magneto-Science Textile,LeatherandPaper
MagneticFieldEffectsonMaterials: Editors:S.Duquesne,C.Magniez,
FundamentalsandApplications andG.Camino
Editors:M.YamaguchiandY.Tanimoto
98 PhysicsofNegativeRefraction
90 InternalFrictioninMetallicMaterials andNegativeIndexMaterials
AReferenceBook OpticalandElectronicAspects
ByM.S.Blanter,I.S.Golovin, andDiversifiedApproaches
H.Neuha¨user,andH.-R.Sinning Editors:C.M.KrowneandY.Zhang
91 Time-dependentMechanicalProperties 99 Self-OrganizedMorphology
ofSolidBodies inNanostructuredMaterials
ByW.Gra¨fe Editors:K.Al-ShameryandJ.Parisi
92 SolderJointTechnology 100 SelfHealingMaterials
Materials,Properties,andReliability AnAlternativeApproach
ByK.-N.Tu to20CenturiesofMaterialsScience
Editor:S.vanderZwaag
93 MaterialsforTomorrow
Theory,ExperimentsandModelling 101 NewOrganicNanostructures
Editors:S.Gemming,M.Schreiber forNextGenerationDevices
andJ.-B.Suck Editors:K.Al-Shamery,H.-G.Rubahn,
andH.Sitter
94 MagneticNanostructures
Editors:B.Aktas,L.Tagirov, 102 PhotonicCrystalFibers
andF.Mikailov PropertiesandApplications
ByF.Poli,A.Cucinotta,
95 Nanocrystals
andS.Selleri
andTheirMesoscopicOrganization
ByC.N.R.Rao,P.J.Thomas 103 PolaronsinAdvancedMaterials
andG.U.Kulkarni Editor:A.S.Alexandrov
Volumes40–87arelistedattheendofthebook.
K. Al-Shamery J. Parisi
(Eds.)
Self-Organized Morphology
in Nanostructured Materials
With84 Figures
123
ProfessorDr.Katharina Al-Shamery
Universita¨tOldenburg,Fakutlta¨tV and Center of Interface Science
Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str.9–11,26129Oldenburg,Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
ProfessorJu¨rgenParisi
Universita¨tOldenburg,FachbereichPhysik,AbteilungEnergie-undHalbleiterforschung
Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str.9–11,26129Oldenburg,Germany
E-mail:[email protected]
SeriesEditors:
ProfessorRobertHull ProfessorJu¨rgenParisi
UniversityofVirginia Universita¨tOldenburg,FachbereichPhysik
Dept.ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering Abt.Energie-undHalbleiterforschung
ThorntonHall Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse9–11
Charlottesville,VA22903-2442,USA 26129Oldenburg,Germany
ProfessorR.M.Osgood,Jr. ProfessorHansWarlimont
MicroelectronicsScienceLaboratory Institutfu¨rFestko¨rper-
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering undWerkstofforschung,
ColumbiaUniversity Helmholtzstrasse20
SeeleyW.MuddBuilding 01069Dresden,Germany
NewYork,NY10027,USA
ISSN0933-033X
ISBN978-3-540-72674-6SpringerBerlinHeidelbergNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2007929993
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To Uschi
Preface
Whilescientistsstillmarvelabouttheeconomicalpotentialoftheomnipresent
nanomaterials promising a billion dollar market, nature is still miles ahead of
usinnanotechnology.Already500millionyearsago,co-developmentofpreda-
tor and prey coloration as well as the development of visual systems were a
consequenceofdiversificationoflifeformsandwereproducedfrommesoscop-
ically ordered nanostructures. For example, arm ossicles from light-sensitive
speciesofbrittlestarconsistofarraysofcalcitemicrolenseswitheachlensmin-
imizing spherical aberration and birefringence when focussing light towards
nerve bundles. Spectacular are iridescent colors of certain insects, birds, and
flowers to make them visible on ultra-long ranges. The metallic blue of the
wings of the tropical butterfly called “morpho rhetenor” is produced when
light is diffracted at regularly ramified nanorods ordered with defined dis-
tances. However, there are many other complex examples basing on the same
principles:natureusesthepropertiesofso-calledphotonicbandgapmaterials,
consisting of dielectric media with periodical index modulation that inhibit
propagation of light with certain colors over a range of scattering angles.
People, therefore, have started to produce materials consisting of mesoscopi-
cally ordered molecules or nanoparticles, exhibiting intriguing new properties
as compared with the single building blocks. The latter is also known as
a novel “bottom-up” approach for nanolithography. First examples on how
knowledge of the fabrication of such new materials is transferred to commer-
cialproductswithinafewyearsexist.Butalso,fromthebasicresearchaspect,
these materials rise a lot of new questions to be dealt with in the future. The
influence of morphological changes developing at a nanometer scale on the
optical near field with implications on the far field is by far well understood.
Artificial materials not known to nature, such as metamaterials with a nega-
tiverefractiveindex,maybeproducedbybottomupmethodssoon.Theywill
allowtobuildtheperfectlensallowingtolookatobjectswithlightatatomic
resolution or to make material invisible within a certain wavelength regime.
Inthisvolume,thequestionwillbeaddressed,howtomanufacturemesoscop-
ically ordered materials. Special emphasis will be put on to compare ordering
VIII Preface
phenomena under nonequilibrium situations, usually called self-organized
structures, with those arising under situations close to equilibrium via self-
assembly. Analogies are pointed out, differences are characterized, and efforts
will be made to find common features in the mechanistic description of those
phenomena. Of major importance is the question concerning the role of spa-
tial and temporal order, in particular, the application of concepts developed
on macroscopic and microscopic scales to structure formation occurring on
nanoscales, which stands in the focus of interest on the frontiers of science.
How optical properties of materials can be tuned is demonstrated in a first
example on the formation of one-dimensional waveguides from nanoaggre-
gates of single organic building blocks. The formation of highly ordered two-
and three-dimensional supramolecular structures is related to the chemical
propertiesofthesinglebuildingblocksinasecondchapter.Furthermore,self-
assemblyofsurfactantsisusedtoproducenanomaterialsofhighmonodisper-
sity, enabling the self-organization of hexagonal networks of “supra” crystals,
rings, tubes, dots, and labyrinths (Chaps.2.5 and 4). Properties of the so
formed mesoscopical materials can be tuned also by changing the size of the
nanoscopic building blocks. The volume finally ends with treating how spa-
tiallyperiodic,temporallystationaryturningpatternscanbeconstructedout
of nanodroplets, thus, combining elements of self-assembly with aspects of
self-organization in the nonequilibrium pattern formation, arising out of the
interplay between reaction and diffusion embedded in the self-assembled pat-
tern. In a second example, it is shown how honeycomb carbon networks can
beformedwhenapplyingtheproperknowledgeontransportandstructuring.
Finally, the book ends with a description how waves are transported in living
systems.
The editors would like to thank all authors for constructive efforts to pre-
paretheirmanuscriptsandtocontributetotherichvarietyoftopicsincluded
in this volume. Special thanks are due to Claus Ascheron and others from
SpringerHeidelbergforcontinuouscommitment,efficientsupport,andskillful
technical assistance. The editors would like to thank our colleague Stefan C.
Mu¨ller (University of Magdeburg) for fruitful collaboration throughout draft-
ingtheconceptofthebook,forvaluablediscussions,inputandsupport.With-
outhimtherealisationofthebookwouldnothavebeenpossible.Furthermore
the editors are grateful to all authors for constructive efforts.
Oldenburg Katharina Al-Shamery
July 2007 Ju¨rgen Parisi
Contents
1 Organic Crystalline Nanofibers
1.1 Introduction ................................................. 1
1.2 Growth of Ultrathin Films: Molecular Orientation Control......... 2
1.3 Needle Films on Dedicated Templates: Mutual Orientation
and Morphology Control of Nanoaggregates...................... 6
1.3.1Plain Mica.............................................. 6
1.3.2Au-Modified Mica ....................................... 8
1.3.3Water-Treated Mica...................................... 9
1.4 Selected Applications in Nano- and Microoptics .................. 9
1.5 Summary and Outlook: Future Devices From Organic Nanofibers... 14
References ...................................................... 15
2 Titanium-Based Molecular Architectures Formed
by Self-Assembled Reactions
2.1 Introduction ................................................. 17
2.1.1Results and Discussion ................................... 19
2.2 Formation of Molecular Architectures ........................... 19
2.3 Molecular Architectures Accompanied
by Radical Induced C–C Coupling Reactions..................... 33
2.4 Molecular Architectures Based on C–C Coupling Reactions
Initiated by C–H Bond Activation Reactions..................... 38
2.5 Conclusion and Future Directions .............................. 42
References ...................................................... 43
3 Self-Assemblies of Organic and Inorganic Materials
3.1 Introduction ................................................. 47
3.2 Structure of Colloidal Self-Assemblies Made of Surfactants
and Used as Templates........................................ 49
3.3 Production of Nanocrystals by Using Colloidal Solutions
as Templates and Their Limitations ............................ 51
3.4 Self-Organization of Nanocrystals .............................. 55
X Contents
3.5 Colloidal Nanolithography by Using Nanocrystals Organized
in a Given Structure as Masks [83].............................. 61
3.6 Conclusion .................................................. 64
References ...................................................... 64
4 Self-Assembled Nanoparticle Rings
4.1 Introduction ................................................. 67
4.2 Experimental Formation of Nanoparticle Rings................... 68
4.2.1Spreading of Polymer Solution on Water Surface............. 68
4.2.2HDA Pancake Structures ................................. 69
4.2.3CoPt3 Nanoparticle Rings ................................ 72
4.3 Model for the Formation of HDA Pancakes ...................... 74
4.3.1Phase Separation of Binary Solution ....................... 74
4.3.2Rupture of Thin HDA Film into Micrometer-Size Pancakes ... 78
4.4 Formation of a Nanoparticle Ring at the Edge
of an HDA Pancake........................................... 81
4.4.1Pinning of an HDA Micrometer-Size Pancake................ 81
4.4.2Forces Acting on the Nanoparticle Located
in the Interior of Pancake................................. 82
4.4.3Forces Acting on the Nanoparticle Located
at the Edge of Pancake ................................... 84
4.5 Summary and Conclusions..................................... 85
References ...................................................... 86
5 Patterns of Nanodroplets: The Belousov–Zhabotinsky-
Aerosol OT-Microemulsion System
5.1 Introduction ................................................. 89
5.2 The BZ-AOT System ......................................... 90
5.2.1The BZ Reaction ........................................ 90
5.2.2AOT Microemulsions..................................... 91
5.2.3The BZ-AOT System .................................... 93
5.3 Experimental Results ......................................... 94
5.3.1Experimental Configuration............................... 94
5.3.2Turing Patterns ......................................... 95
5.3.3Patterns Associated with a Fast-Diffusing Activator.......... 97
5.3.4Complex Patterns – Dashes and Segments ..................100
5.3.5Localized Patterns .......................................101
5.4 Theoretical Considerations ....................................103
5.5 Constructing a Model.........................................104
5.5.1Linear Stability Analysis and Types of Bifurcations ..........106
5.5.2Results of Numerical Simulations ..........................108
5.6 Conclusion and Future Directions ..............................109
References ......................................................112
Contents XI
6 Honeycomb Carbon Networks: Preparation, Structure,
and Transport
6.1 Introduction .................................................115
6.2 Experimental Formation of Polymer Honeycomb Structures........118
6.2.1Spreading of One Liquid on Another .......................118
6.2.2Production of Polymer Networks...........................119
6.2.3Structural Forms of Nitrocellulose Networks.................120
6.2.4Structural Forms of Poly(p-phenylenevinylene)
and Poly (3-octylthiophene) Networks ......................123
6.3 Model for the Formation of Honeycomb Structures
in Polymer Films.............................................125
6.3.1Water Droplet on the Fluid Polymer Layer..................125
6.4 Nitrocellulose Networks as Precursor for Carbon Networks.........132
6.4.1Temperature Dependence of Hopping Transport
in Carbon Networks......................................133
6.4.2Electrical Field Dependence of Hopping Transport
in Carbon Networks......................................142
6.5 Summary and Conclusions.....................................150
References ......................................................151
7 Chemical Waves in Living Cells
7.1 Introduction .................................................155
7.2 Waves of Metabolic Activity ...................................156
7.3 Calcium Signaling Waves......................................160
7.4 Conclusions..................................................164
References ......................................................166
Index..........................................................169
