Table Of ContentSELF-MANAGEMENT IN YUGOSLAVIA
AND THE DEVELOPING WORLD
Also by the same authors
SOCIAL CHANGE AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN
NIGERIA
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS IN AFRICA (with Lester
Trachtman)
Other books by Hans Dieter Seibel
INDUSTRIEARBEIT UNO KULTURWANDEL IN
NIGERIA
EINHEIMISCHE GENOSSENSCHAFTEN IN AFRIKA
GESELLSCHAFT IM LEISTUNGSKONFLIKT
THE DYNAMICS OF ACHIEVEMENT
TRADITIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT
ETHNOGRAPHIC SURVEY OF SOUTH-EASTERN
LIBERIA: The Kran and the Sapo
STRUKTUR UNO ENTWICKLUNG DER
GESELLSCHAFT
Other books by Ukandi G. Damachi
NIGERIAN MODERNIZATION: The Colonial Legacy
THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT
PROCESS: A Case-Study of Ghana
LEADERSHIP IDEOLOGY IN AFRICA: Attitudes toward
Socio-economic Development
DEVELOPMENT PATHS IN AFRICA AND CHINA
DECISION-MAKING IN EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION
THEORIES OF MANAGEMENT AND THE EXECUTIVE
IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD
THE ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS IN DEVELOPING
SOCIETIES
HUMAN RESOURCES AND AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT
PUBLIC POLICY, INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS AND
EMPLOYMENT PROMOTION IN ENGLISH
SPEAKING WEST AFRICAN COUNTRIES
MANPOWER SUPPLY AND UTILIZATION IN GHANA,
SIERRA LEONE AND NIGERIA
SELF-MANAGEMENT IN
YUGOSLAVIA AND THE
DEVELOPING WORLD
Hans Dieter Seibel
and
Ukandi G. Damachi
© Hans Dieter Seibel and Ukandi G. Damachi 1982
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1982
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
eproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission
First published 1982 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-1-349-16816-3 ISBN 978-1-349-16814-9 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-16814-9
Contents
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgements viii
1 Introduction: Self-Management as a Third Way 1
2 The Origins of Self-Management 6
3 The Development of Self-Management in Yugoslavia 42
4 Self-Management in Action: Examples from
Yugoslavia 60
5 The Structure of Self-Management 85
6 Economic Development under Self-Management 95
7 The Efficiency of Self-Management 119
8 Equity under Self-Management: Equality or
Inequality? 139
9 Industrial Relations under Self-Management 162
10 Beyond Industrial Self-Management 173
11 A Model Constitution of Self-Management 192
12 Social-Economic Bases for Self-Management in the
Developing World: the Cooperative Network 213
l3 Political Bases for Self-Management in the Developing
World: Participation in Open Societies 235
14 Workers' Participation: Beginnings of Self-Manage-
ment in the Developing World 259
15 Self-Management and Workers' Participation in
Algeria: Origins and Developments 277
16 Is there a Chance for Self-Management in the Develop-
ing World? 291
Bibliography 298
Name Index 307
Subject Index 309
List of Tables
5.1 The structure of self-management 85
5.2 Self-management in basic organizations of associated
labour 86
6.1 Population growth in Yugoslavia from 1921 to 1974 96
6.2 Basic population structure of Yugoslavia ( 1971
census) 97
6.3 Employment in the social and private sector by type
of activity from 1966 to 1975 99
6.4 Employment in the social and private sector in
Yugoslavia from 1952 to 1975 100
6.5 Female employment from 1967 to 1976 101
6.6 Female and agricultural employment by republic and
province in 1971 I 02
6. 7 Social product, personal consumption, collective and
public consumption and investment from 1952 to
1971 104
6.8 General data on the development of the economy,
1955-75 106
6.9 General economic indices, 1956-75 108
6.10 Index numbers of industrial production for 1939,
1946, 1952, 1955, 1960 and 1963-75 110
6.11 Annual growth rates of industrial production ( /~) of
preceding year 1947-75 111
6.12 Industrial branches by output growth, 1952-72 114
6.13 Industrial branches according to social product gene-
rated in 1972 115
6.14 Growth indices of industrial production in the world
and Yugoslavia, 1955-70 117
7.1 Growth of the Yugoslav economy 1946-72 during
three phases 121
7.2 The use of labour and capital and technical progress
in Yugoslavia under capitalism, state socialism and
self-management, 1911-67 122
List of Tables VII
8.1 Attitudes to the productivity-equality dilemma in
two samples, 1969 and 1971 145
8.2 Attitudes to the productivity and equality-between
workers-and-top-personnel dilemma in two samples,
1969 and 1971 146
8.3 Income distribution m a garment company m
Slovenia, 1973 149
8.4 Annual seniority allowance in Ognjen Prica, Zagreb 155
8.5 Monthly seniority allowances m Ognjen Prica,
Zagreb 156
8.6 The composition of personal incomes in the social
sector in 1956, 1964, 1966 and 1967 157
8. 7 Innovations and rationalizations in TOZ, Zagreb,
from 1965 to 1972 !58
8.8 Innovations and rationalizations m Ognjen Prica,
Zagreb 159
8. 9 Innovations and rationalizations m Ognjen Prica,
Zagreb, 1950, 1960, 1970 159
8.10 Rationalizations and innovations relative to incomes
in Ognjen Prica, Zagreb, in 1950, 1960 and 1970 160
10.1 Self-management m social service organizations,
1972 175
10.2 Workers' and people's universities in 1970-2 181
10.3 Self-management in local communities in 1972 by
republic 185
10.4 Self-management in communes, 1969-74 186
10.5 Self-management in banks, 1972 187
I 0.6 Sources of investment funding, 1955-69 191
Acknowledgements
I am particularly grateful to Dagmar Hasler, Christina Franz
and Ulrike Backhaus for typing the manuscript.
For information on self-management in Algeria, I am
indebted to Brigitte Ltichtemeier in Schwerte, to Werner Plum
of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation in Bonn, and to Professor Dr
Werner Ruf of the Gesamthochschule, Essen.
The authors and publishers wish to thank the following who
have kindly given permission for the use of copyright material:
Associated Book Publishers, for the extract from The
Unperfect Society: Beyond the New Class by Milovan Djilas,
published by Methuen & Co. and Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
Inc. (1969); Mr Milan Bajec, for the extracts from Yugoslavia:
Self-Management in Action published in Yugoslav Review,
Belgrade; the International Institute for Labour Studies, for the
extracts from Workers' Participation in Management in
Yugoslavia by W.J.Burt, I.I.L.S. Bulletin, vol. 9 (1972); the
McGraw-Hill Book Company, for the extracts from The
Human Organisation: Its Management and Value by Rensis
Likert (1967); the Review of International Affairs, Belgrade, for
the extracts from The Second Congress of Self-Managers of
Yugoslavia (1972); and the editor, Yugoslav Survey, Belgrade,
for the data from Changes in the Structure of Industrial
Production 1952-1972 by Miodrag Nikolic, in Yugoslav Survey,
vol. 14 (1973).
Every effort has been made to trace all the copyright-holders
but if any have been inadvertently overlooked the publishers
will be pleased to make the necessary arrangement at the first
opportunity.
HANS DIETER SEIBEL
1 Introduction:
Self-Management
as a Third Way
Countries in search of a model for development see themselves
confronted with a difficult choice: neither the capitalist nor the
state-socialist model seem too attractive. In the Developing
World, capitalism still bears the brunt of the blame of colonialism
and continues to be identified with imperialism. State socialism,
on the other hand, carries with it the danger of submitting to a
superpower-not too exciting a prospect for those who just
escaped the fetters of colonialism. It was in response to this
dilemma that the Developing World went on its search for a third
way. Africa discovered African socialism, a pragmatic approach
to development rather than a specific ideology, appearing in quite
different forms in each country that adheres to it. Asia, Latin
America and Oceania, on the other hand, have been less
consistent in their pursuance of any particular approach.
Many developing and developed countries face a similar
problem: dissatisfied with capitalism, which is too ruthless, and
disenchanted with state-socialism, which is too rigid, each one is
groping for its own third way. Theirs is not a search for a
particular ideology or model, but again a rather pragmatic
response to day-to-day problems and pressures. Some of the most
advanced countries are now discovering a new model in their
search for a third way: the self-managing society, a system based
on direct, participatory democracy in all spheres: in industry,
other organizations and politics-in that order. The country that
is being studied now with some interest is Yugoslavia, the only
large-scale experiment in self-management, in progress for more
than a quarter of a century.
The fact that highly developed countries are examining the
Yugoslav system of self-management as a potential model for
