Table Of ContentSelf-Healing Smart Materials
and Allied Applications
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected]) Self-Healing Smart Materials
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
and Allied Applications
Edited by
Inamuddin, Mohd Imran Ahamed,
Rajender Boddula and Tariq Altalhi
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA
and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-71015-8
Cover image: Pixabay.Com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Preface xv
1 Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 1
Facundo I. Altuna and Cristina E. Hoppe
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Extrinsic Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 5
1.3 Intrinsic Self-Healing Polymer Coatings 13
1.4 Remote Activation of Self-Healing 21
1.5 Perspectives and Challenges 26
References 27
2 Smart Phenolics for Self-Healing and Shape Memory Applications 39
Baris Kiskan and Yusuf Yagci
2.1 Introduction 40
2.2 Self-Healable Polybenzoxazines 42
2.3 Benzoxazine Resins for Shape Memory Applications 51
2.4 Conclusion 57
References 58
3 Self-Healable Elastomers 65
Mariajose Cova Sánchez, Daniela Belén García,
Mariano Martin Escobar and Marcela Mansilla
3.1 Introduction 65
3.2 Self-Healing in Elastomers 67
3.2.1 Self-Healing Mechanism 68
3.2.1.1 Heat Stimulated Self-Healing 68
3.2.1.2 Light Stimulated Self-Healing 68
3.2.1.3 Mechanochemical Self-Healing 68
3.2.1.4 Encapsulation 69
3.2.2 Characterization of Healing Process 70
3.3 Particular Cases in Different Elastomers 71
3.3.1 Natural Rubber (NR) 71
v
vi Contents
3.3.2 Styrene Butadiene Rubber (SBR) 76
3.3.3 Polybutadiene Rubber 79
3.3.4 Bromobutyl Rubber 81
3.3.5 Silicones 84
3.3.6 Polyurethanes 89
References 92
4 Self-Healable Tires 99
Norazlianie Sazali, Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed
and Zul Adlan Mohd Hir
4.1 Introduction 100
4.2 Self-Healable Rubber 102
4.3 Promising Strategy for Self-Healing Rubber-Based Material 103
4.4 Conclusion 113
References 113
5 Self-Healing Bacterial Cementitious Composites 123
R. Preetham, R. Hari Krishna, M.N. Chandraprabha
and R. Sivaramakrishna
5.1 Introduction 124
5.2 Biomineralization for Self-Healing 130
5.2.1 Bacteria as Self-Healing Agent 130
5.2.2 Bacterial Metabolic Pathway in Self-Healing 131
5.2.2.1 Urea Hydrolysis by Ureolytic Bacteria 132
5.2.2.2 Hydrolysis of CO by Carbonic Anhydrase
2
Producing Bacteria 133
5.2.2.3 Hydrolysis of Organic Acids 134
5.2.2.4 Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction 134
5.2.2.5 Dissimilatory Sulfate Reduction 135
5.2.2.6 Ammonification 135
5.3 Strategies to Enhance the Performance of Bacterial
Self-Healing 139
5.4 Evaluation of Factors Affecting Bacterial Self-Healing 141
5.4.1 Nutrient Suitability for Optimal Bacterial Growth 142
5.4.2 Viability and Activity of Encapsulated Spores 143
5.4.3 Evaluation of Encapsulation Material 143
5.4.4 Crack Healing Efficiency 144
5.4.5 Effects of Capsule Material and Bacteria
on Concrete Properties 146
5.5 Conclusion, Future Prospective & Challenges 146
References 147
Contents vii
6 Self-Healable Solar Cells: Recent Insights and Challenges 153
Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi,
Sonia Bahrani, Seeram Ramakrishna, Chin Wei Lai
and Wei-Hung Chiang
6.1 Introduction 154
6.2 Functional Mechanism of Protection Approaches 155
6.2.1 Self-Healable Polymeric Structure 155
6.2.2 Shape Memory Polymeric Structure 156
6.2.3 Self-Cleanable Polymeric Platforms 157
6.3 Advanced Self-Healable Polymeric Materials 159
6.3.1 Self-Healable Polymers 159
6.3.2 Self-Healable Hydrogels 165
6.4 Shape Memory Materials 168
6.5 Self-Healable Solar Cells 169
6.6 Conclusions 175
References 175
7 Self-Healable Core–Shell Nanofibers 181
Sonia Bahrani, Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi,
Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Chin Wei Lai and Wei-Hung Chiang
7.1 Introduction 182
7.2 Self-Healing Polymers in Fabrication of Core–Shell
Nanofibers 183
7.3 Strategies for Core–Shell Nanofibers Fabrication 184
7.3.1 Capsule-Based Self-Healing 185
7.3.2 Vascular-Based Self-Healing 187
7.4 Methods of Fabrication of Self-Healing
Core–Shell Nanofibers 188
7.4.1 Co-Electrospinning 188
7.4.2 Emulsion Electrospinning 190
7.4.3 Solution‐Blown 194
7.5 Self-Healing in Laminated Composite 194
7.6 Beneficial Self-Repairing Systems on Basis of Core–Shell
Nanofibers 196
7.7 Conclusion 197
References 197
8 Intrinsic Self-Healing Materials 203
Angelita Cristiane Saul and João Henrique Zimnoch dos Santos
8.1 Introduction 203
8.2 Inverse Reactions and Chain Recombination 205
viii Contents
8.3 Reversible (Covalent) Bonds 205
8.3.1 Cycloadditions 206
8.3.2 Reversible Acylhydrazones 211
8.3.3 Disulfides 216
8.3.4 Alkoxyamines (Radicals) 218
8.3.5 Transesterification 222
8.4 Supramolecular Interactions 223
8.4.1 Hydrogen Bonds 224
8.4.2 π–π Interaction 225
8.4.3 Ionomers (Ballistic Stimulus) 226
8.4.4 Metallopolymers 227
8.5 Conclusion 229
References 229
9 Self-Healable Catalysis 237
Bilge Coşkuner Filiz
9.1 Introduction 237
9.2 Self-Healable Catalysis Applications 239
9.2.1 Oxygen Evolution Catalysts 239
9.2.2 Specific Catalysis Applications of Self-Healing
Property 243
9.3 Conclusion 244
References 244
10 Self-Healing Materials in Corrosion Protection 247
Eiman Alibakhshi, Bahram Ramezanzadeh
and Mohammad Mahdavian
10.1 Introduction 248
10.2 Self-Healing Definition 249
10.3 Inhibition of the Corroded Regions Thanks to the
Presence of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments/Inhibitors 251
10.4 The Imprisonment and Physical Release of the Inhibitor 256
10.4.1 Ion-Exchange Based Materials 257
10.4.2 Porous-Structure and Metal Oxide Materials 268
10.4.3 Conductive Polymers 269
10.4.4 Fibril Materials 270
10.4.5 Lamellar-Structure Materials 271
10.4.6 Other Containers 274
10.5 Healing Using Polymerizable Agents 275
10.6 Conclusion and Outlook 276
References 278
Contents ix
11 Self-Healable Conductive Materials 297
M. Ramesh, L. Rajeshkumar, D. Balaji, V. Bhuvaneswari
and S. Sivalingam
11.1 Introduction 298
11.2 Self-Healing Materials 298
11.2.1 Elastomers 298
11.2.2 Reversible Materials 303
11.3 Self-Healing Conductive Materials 304
11.3.1 Polymers 304
11.3.2 Capsules 306
11.3.3 Liquids 308
11.3.4 Composites 309
11.3.5 Coating 311
11.4 Conclusion 313
References 313
12 Self-Healable Artificial Skin 321
Younus Raza Beg, Gokul Ram Nishad and Priyanka Singh
12.1 Introduction 321
12.2 Preparation and Properties of Artificial Skin 322
12.3 Applications of Electronic Skin 335
12.4 Conclusion 341
References 342
13 Self-Healing Smart Composites 345
Sithara Gopinath, Suresh Mathew
and P. Radhakrishnan Nair
13.1 Introduction 345
13.2 Self-Healing Mechanisms and its Classifications 346
13.2.1 Intrinsic Self-Repairing Materials 348
13.2.2 Extrinsic Self-Repairing Materials 350
13.3 Self-Healing of Thermoplastic Materials 352
13.4 Self-Healing of Thermosetting Materials 354
13.5 Conclusions and Future Study 355
References 356
14 Stimuli-Responsive Self-Healable Materials 361
G. Jerald Maria Antony, S. Raja and S.T. Aruna
14.1 Self-Healing Materials 362
14.2 Synthesis of S-H Materials 364
14.3 Types of S-H Materials 365
