Self Healing Materials: An Alternative Approach to 20 Centuries of Materials Science

390 Pages·2008·16.53 MB·English

by  Professor Sybrand van der Zwaag Ph.D (auth.)

SpringerSeriesin
materials science
100
SpringerSeriesin
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Editors: R.Hull R.M.Osgood,Jr. J.Parisi H.Warlimont
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88 Introduction 96 GaNElectronics
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S. van der Zwaag
Editor
Self Healing Materials
An Alternative Approach to 20 Centuries
of Materials Science
With221 Figures
123
Prof.Dr.Ir.SybrandvanderZwaag
DelftCentreforMaterials
Technical UniversityDelft
Kluyverweg1
2629HSDelft
TheNetherlands
SeriesEditors:
ProfessorRobertHull ProfessorJürgenParisi
UniversityofVirginia UniversitätOldenburg,FachbereichPhysik
Dept.ofMaterialsScienceandEngineering Abt.Energie-undHalbleiterforschung
ThorntonHall Carl-von-Ossietzky-Strasse9–11
Charlottesville,VA22903-2442,USA 26129Oldenburg,Germany
ProfessorR.M.Osgood,Jr. ProfessorHansWarlimont
MicroelectronicsScienceLaboratory InstitutfürFestkörper-
DepartmentofElectricalEngineering undWerkstofforschung,
ColumbiaUniversity Helmholtzstrasse20
SeeleyW.MuddBuilding 01069Dresden,Germany
NewYork,NY10027,USA
The enclosed CD-ROM contains the complete proceedings of the First International
Conference on Self Healing Materials, 18- 20 April 2007, Noordwijk aan Zee,
The Netherlands.
AC.I.P.CataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheLibraryofCongress
ISSN0933-033x
ISBN978-1-4020-6249-0(HB)
ISBN978-1-4020-6250-6(e-book)
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Acknowledgement
The Editor of this volume would like to thank the IOP Self Healing Materials,
asubsidiaryoftheDutchMinistryofEconomicalAffairs,fortheirgeneroussupport
to the First International Conference on Self Healing Materials, 18–20 April 2007,
NoordwijkaanZee,TheNetherlands.
v
Foreword
“Asageneralprinciplenaturalselectioniscontinuallytryingtoeconomiseeverypart
oftheorganisation.”ThatwasCharlesDarwin,writingover100yearsagoabouteffi-
ciencyinnature.Naturalmaterialsareremarkablyefficient.Byefficientwemeanthat
theyfulfilthecomplexrequirementsposedbythewayplantsandanimalsfunction,
and that they do so using as little material as possible. Many of these requirements
are mechanical in nature: the need to support static and dynamic loads created by
the mass of the organism or by wind loading, the need to store and release elastic
energy,theneedtoflexthroughlargeangles,theneedtoresistbucklingandfracture,
andtosurvivedamage.Fewoptimisationalgorithmshavebeenmoresuccessfulthan
thatof“survivalofthefittest”.Thestructuralmaterialsofnatureexemplifythisopti-
misation; even today, few man-made materials do better than thoseof nature inthe
functionthattheyfill.Andofalltheremarkablepropertiesofnaturalmaterials,one
istrulyexceptional–thatoftheabilityforself-repair.
One recurring goal of material development has been to emulate the materials
of nature. Among these, the most illusive is that of self-repair. In approaching this
it is well to be aware of the nature of the differences that separate the structural
materials of man and those of nature. The table itemises some of these: the great
differencesinchemistry,inmodeofsynthesis,instructure,andaboveallintheability
ofnaturalmaterialsforcontinuousadaptationandreplacement,damage-sensingand
repair. Man-made materials that achieve it are few: the self healing properties of
the lime cement used by the early Roman Empire, the healing of oxide films that
provide the corrosion resistance of aluminium, titanium, and stainless steel, the re-
crystallisationofmetalstorestorethepre-deformedproperties,andafewothers.
Acomparisonoffeaturesofman-madeandnaturalstructuralmaterials.
Man-madeStructuralMaterials StructuralMaterialsofNature
Basedontheentireperiodictable Basedonfewelements(C,N,O,Ca,Si,etc.)
Thermo-chemistry(hightemperature) Ambienttemperatureprocessing
processing
Fastproductionrate Slowgrowthrate
Largelymonolithicorsimplecomposite Complex,hierarchicalstructures
structures
Unchangingstructureoncefabricated Continuousreplacementandrenewal
Noabilitytoadapttochangeofenvironment Abilityadapttoanevolvingenvironment
Nocapacity,ingeneral,forself-repair Abilitytosensedamageandself-repair
Thus:requiring“worst-case”designwith Thus:allowingoptimaldesigntomatchcurrent
additionalsafetyfactor conditionswithoutpenaltyoflargesafetyfactor
vii
viii Foreword
Thecontributors’initiativetobringtogetheralltheseinterestingconceptsandearly
attempts at developing, describing, and even modelling self healing in materials is
visionaryandambitious,andonethattakesabroadstanceandisthefirstofitskind.
Thespreadofselfhealingstrategiesandofmaterialsystemstowhichtheymightbe
appliedisbroad,includingpolymers,composites,ceramics,metals,coatings,adhe-
sives,and–significantly–thematerialsthatinspireditall,thoseofnature.Theeditor
and the contributors are to be congratulated on creating an impressive overture and
opening movement to what is a sector of materials research and development with
enormouspotential.
MikeAshby
EngineeringDepartment
UniversityofCambridge
May2007
Preface
ThisbookSelfhealingmaterials:analternativeto20centuriesofmaterialsscience
isthe100thtextbookintheSpringerSeriesonMaterialsScienceandopensthedoor
toanewerainmaterialsscience:selfhealingmaterials.
Overthepast20centuriesthepropertiesofstructuralmaterialsatourdisposalhave
improvedtremendouslyineveryaspect.Theearlyimprovementswereduetoaslow
trialanderrorprocess,appropriatelycalled“blackmagic”atthetime,guidedbyjust
theappraisalofthefinalmaterial,ormoreimportantlytheresultingproductperfor-
mance.Thedevelopmenttookplacewithoutrealknowledgeofthematerialitself,or
of the internal changes taking place during materials processing. In the nineteenth,
and in particular, in the twentieth centuries, however, the pace of material develop-
ment accelerated greatly. Two major factors played a role in this development: the
notionofamicrostructureincombinationwithphysicochemicaltechniquestoquan-
tify it, and the availability of (semiempirical) models linking the microstructure to
thefinalmaterialpropertiesandviceversa.Bothfactorsledtoarealaccelerationof
material development and today material properties can be tuned precisely, and to
veryhighlevels,sometimesevenapproachingthetheoreticallimits.
With hindsight, all strategies to improve the strength and reliability of materials
developedoverthepast20centuriesareultimatelybasedontheparadigmofdamage
prevention,i.e.thematerialsaredesignedandpreparedinsuchawaythattheforma-
tionandextensionofdamageasafunctionofloadand/ortimeispostponedasmuch
aspossible.Damageisdefinedhereasthepresenceofmicro-ormacroscopiccracks
notbeingpresentinitially.Characteristicforthecurrentmaterials,developedunder
thedamagepreventionparadigm,isthatthelevelsofdamageinamaterialcaneither
remainconstantorincrease,butwillnevergodownspontaneously.
Inrecentyears,however,ithasbeenrealizedthatanalternativestrategycanbefol-
lowedtomakematerialseffectivelystrongerandmorereliable,andthatisbydamage
management, i.e. materials have a built-in capability to repair the damage incurred
duringuse.Cracksareallowedtoform,butthematerialitselfiscapableofrepairing
thecrackandrestoringthefunctionalityofthematerial.Suchdamagemanagement
isencounteredinnaturalmaterialssuchas,forexample,skintissueandbonestruc-
tures. Although the mechanical properties of skin and bone are inferior to those of
man-made polymers and ceramics, their ability to repair or heal damage (given the
right healing conditions) results in a “lifelong” performance. Of course, given the
hugedifferenceinmicrostructureandchemicalspeciesinvolved,themechanismsof
ix
x Preface
healing in natural materials cannot be copied exactly. Some forms of self healing
havebeenalreadybeendemonstrated,butitisanticipatedthatmanymoreselfheal-
ingmechanismscanandwillbefoundwiththeprogressionofthisnovelbranchof
materialsscience.
This book aims at bringing together for the first time a more or less complete
overviewofthedevelopmentsinthefieldofselfhealingmaterials,notjustfocusedon
onematerialclassbutcoveringallimportantman-madematerialclasses,polymers,
composites,metals,concrete,andbituminousmaterials.Toputourhumaneffortsin
awidercontext,twochaptersonskinandbonehealingareaddedaswell.Asisnot
uncommon in the field of material science, most of the chapters deal with experi-
mentalresearch,butseveralchaptersalsopresentearlytheoreticalconceptstowards
modelingselfhealingphenomena,andareaimedatassistingmaterialdevelopersin
creatingselfhealingmaterialsmorequicklyandmoreefficiently.Astheeditorofthis
firstbook onselfhealing materials Iam very gratefulforalltheexperts whomade
theirvaluablecontributiontothisbook.
Thebookinitscurrentformshouldbeattractivetotheentirecommunityofmate-
rial scientists working on both structural and functional materials. In addition, the
level of subject-specific knowledge is kept to such a level that the book would be
verysuitableasatextbookincoursesonselfhealingmaterialsatboththeundergrad-
uateandgraduatelevel.TheCD,whichgoeswiththebook,containstheproceedings
of the first international conference on self healing materials (18–20 April 2007,
Noordwijk,theNetherlands),addingevenmoreaspectsofrecentworksinthefield
ofselfhealingmaterials.
Finally, it must be emphasized that the book is written at a relatively early stage
ofdevelopmentofthefieldandthatavarietyofchallengesneedyettobemetbefore
we will see a wide application of such materials in daily life, a topic, which will
definitely be included in the next edition of this book. The authors, however, are
confidentthatintimewewillbeabletopresentaneweditionofthisbookinwhich
commercially and technologically successful applications of self healing materials
arepresentedaswell.
SybrandvanderZwaag
FacultyofAerospaceEngineering
TechnicalUniversityDelft
July2007
Contents
Acknowledgement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix
AnIntroductiontoMaterialDesignPrinciples:Damage
PreventionversusDamageManagement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
SybrandvanderZwaag
SelfHealingPolymersandComposites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
HMAndersson,MWKeller,JSMoore,NRSottos,andSRWhite
Re-MendablePolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
ShebaD.BergmanandFredWudl
ThermallyInducedSelfHealingofThermosettingResins
andMatricesinSmartComposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
FRJones,WZhang,andSAHayes
IonomersasSelfHealingPolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
RussellVarley
SelfHealingFibre-reinforcedPolymerComposites:anOverview . . . . . 115
IanP.Bond,RichardS.Trask,HugoR.Williams,andGarethJ.Williams
SelfHealingPolymerCoatings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
RolfA.T.MvanBenthem,Weihua(Marshall)Ming,andGijsbertus(Bert)
deWith
SelfHealinginConcreteMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
VictorC.LiandEn-HuaYang
xi