Self-deception as a mechanism for the maintenance of drug addiction.

743 Pages·2017·7.2 MB·English

by  James Reich

Items 1 - 36 of 36

1. P sicothema. 2016 Feb;28(1):13-9. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2015.139.
Self-deception as a mechanism for the
maintenance of drug addiction.
Martínez-González JM1, Vilar López R, Becoña Iglesias E, Verdejo-García A.
Author information:
 1Universidad de Granada.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
This study was aimed at: (i) examining levels of self-deception in substance dependent
individuals following addiction treatment, and (ii) examining the association between
participants’ levels of self-deception and (a) personality disorders, (b) addiction-
related beliefs, (c) duration of abstinence, and (d) estimates of craving.
METHOD:
We administered self-report questionnaires of self-deception and mixtification, and core
beliefs related to addiction and craving. The sample comprised 79 outpatients who were
consecutively recruited at the Centro Provincial de Drogodependencias in Granada: 87.3%
were males and the mean age was 37.68 years old. Thirty-four percent of participants were
diagnosed with comorbid personality disorders.
RESULTS:
Results showed that individuals with substance dependence exhibit elevated scores of self-
deception, particularly in the domains of active denial, selective amnesia, projection, and
confabulation. Individuals with comorbid personality disorders display greater levels of self-
deception compared to individuals without dual diagnosis.
CONCLUSIONS:
Moreover, there is a significant association between levels of self-deception and addiction-
related beliefs and craving. In addition, there is a negative association between levels of self-
deception and duration of abstinence.

PMID: 26820418 [PubMed - in process]

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2. R ev Neurosci. 2016 Jan 14. pii: /j/revneuro.ahead-of-print/revneuro-2015-0045/revneuro-
2015-0045.xml. doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0045. [Epub ahead of print]
Emotion regulation strategies in trauma-
related disorders: pathways linking
neurobiology and clinical manifestations.
Del Río-Casanova L, González A, Páramo M, Van Dijke A, Brenlla J.
Abstract
Emotion regulation impairments with traumatic origins have mainly been studied from
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) models by studying cases of adult onset and single-
incident trauma exposure. The effects of adverse traumatic experiences, however, go beyond
the PTSD. Different authors have proposed that PTSD, borderline personality, dissociative,
conversive and somatoform disorders constitute a full spectrum of trauma-related conditions.
Therefore, a comprehensive review of the neurobiological findings covering this
posttraumatic spectrum is needed in order to develop an all-encompassing model for trauma-
related disorders with emotion regulation at its center. The present review has sought to link
neurobiology findings concerning cortico-limbic function to the field of emotion regulation.
In so doing, trauma-related disorders have been placed in a continuum between under- and
over-regulation of affect strategies. Under-regulation of affect was predominant in borderline
personality disorder, PTSD with re-experiencing symptoms and positive psychoform and
somatoform dissociative symptoms. Over-regulation of affect was more prevalent in
somatoform disorders and pathologies characterized by negative psychoform and somatoform
symptoms. Throughout this continuum, different combinations between under- and over-
regulation of affect strategies were also found.

PMID: 26812780 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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3. A ttach Hum Dev. 2016 Jan 26:1-23. [Epub ahead of print]
Attachment insecurity, mentalization and
their relation to symptoms in eating
disorder patients.
Kuipers GS1, van Loenhout Z1, van der Ark LA2, Bekker MH3.
Author information:
 1a GGZ Breburg, Unit for Eating Disorders , Tilburg , The Netherlands.
 2b Research Institute of Child Development and Education , University of Amsterdam ,
Amsterdam , The Netherlands.
 3c Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology , Tilburg University , Tilburg , The
Netherlands.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the relationships of attachment security and mentalization with core and co-
morbid symptoms in eating disorder patients.
METHOD:
We compared 51 eating disorder patients at the start of intensive treatment and 20 healthy
controls on attachment, mentalization, eating disorder symptoms, depression, anxiety,
personality disorders, psycho-neuroticism, autonomy problems and self-injurious behavior,
using the Adult Attachment Interview, the SCID-I and II and several questionnaires.
RESULTS:
Compared with the controls, the eating disorder patients showed a higher prevalence of
insecure attachment; eating disorder patients more often than controls received the AAI
classification Unresolved for loss or abuse. They also had a lower level of mentalization and
more autonomy problems. In the patient group eating disorder symptoms, depression, anxiety,
psycho-neuroticism and autonomy problems were neither related to attachment security nor to
mentalization; self-injurious behavior was associated with lesser attachment security and
lower mentalization; borderline personality disorder was related to lower mentalization. In the
control group no relations were found between attachment, mentalization and
psychopathologic variables.
DISCUSSION:
Eating disorder patients' low level of mentalization suggests the usefulness of Mentalization
Based Treatment techniques for eating disorder treatment, especially in case of self-injurious
behavior and/or co-morbid borderline personality disorder.

PMID: 26812372 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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4. J Neurol. 2016 Jan 25. [Epub ahead of print]
Atypical parkinsonism in C9orf72
expansions: a case report and systematic
review of 45 cases from the literature.
Wilke C1,2, Pomper JK3, Biskup S4, Puskás C5, Berg D6,7, Synofzik M8,9.
Author information:
 1Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research,
University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [email protected].
 2Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative
Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. carlo.wilke@uni-
tuebingen.de.
 3Department of Cognitive Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research,
University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
 4CeGaT GmbH, Center for Genomics and Transcriptomics, Tübingen, Germany.
 5Clinic for Nuclear Medicine, Karlsruhe Municipal Hospital, Karlsruhe, Germany.
 6Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research,
University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
 7Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative
Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
 8Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research,
University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. [email protected].
 9Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, German Center for Neurodegenerative
Diseases (DZNE), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany. matthis.synofzik@uni-
tuebingen.de.
Abstract
While C9orf72 repeat expansions usually present with frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and/or
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), an increasing number of reports suggests that the primary
phenotype of C9orf72 patients may also include movement disorders. We here provide the
first systematic clinical characterisation of C9orf72-associated parkinsonism. We report a
C9orf72 expansion carrier presenting with a clinical syndrome of progressive supranuclear
palsy (PSP), pronounced mesencephalic atrophy on MRI and PSP-characteristic
electrooculography findings. Moreover, we systematically review all previous reports on
C9orf72 patients with parkinsonian features. Review of 28 reports revealed 45 C9orf72-
positive patients with hypokinesia, rigidity and/or resting tremor. C9orf72-associated
parkinsonism predominantly consisted in a hypokinetic-rigid syndrome without resting tremor
(61 %), with both asymmetric (59 %) and symmetric (41 %) distributions. Additional features
included upper motor neuron signs (60 %), lower motor neuron signs (36 %), cognitive
dysfunction (85 %), behaviour and/or personality change (55 %) and psychiatric symptoms
(29 %). Vertical supranuclear gaze palsy was reported in three further cases and cerebellar
dysfunction in four cases. Family history frequently yielded evidence of ALS (31 %) and FTD
(21 %). Atypical parkinsonism is a recurrent phenotypic manifestation of C9orf72 expansions.
It occurs as part of a broad spectrum of C9orf72-related multi-system neurodegeneration,
which can include basal ganglia, mesencephalic and cerebellar dysfunction. C9orf72
genotyping should be considered in those patients with atypical parkinsonism who present
with a family history of ALS or FTD, upper or lower motor neuron signs and/or cognitive
dysfunction with pronounced frontotemporal impairment.

PMID: 26810719 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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5. M ol Psychiatry. 2016 Jan 26. doi: 10.1038/mp.2015.224. [Epub ahead of print]
Changing relationships between smoking
and psychiatric disorders across twentieth
century birth cohorts: clinical and research
implications.
Talati A1,2, Keyes KM3, Hasin DS1,3,4.
Author information:
 1Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
 2Division of Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
 3Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University,
New York, NY, USA.
 4Division of Clinical Phenomenology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York,
NY, USA.
Abstract
As the risks of tobacco use become recognized and smoking becomes stigmatized, new
smokers may be increasingly driven to smoke by biological or genetic vulnerabilities rather
than social desirability. Given that genetic risk for deviant proneness is shared across other
psychiatric and addictive disorders, we predicted that as rates of smoking decreased through
the latter half of the twentieth century, associations between smoking and psychopathology
would increase. Participants (N=25 412) from a large US study-the National Epidemiologic
Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions, NESARC-were interviewed using the Alcohol
Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule - DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-
IV) and classified into one of five birth cohort decades (1940s to 1980s) and three smoking
history (nonsmokers, never-dependent smokers and ever-dependent smokers) groups. We
found that the prevalence of smoking decreased across the five birth cohorts, but associations
of smoking with drug and AUDs, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder and
antisocial personality disorder, each increased monotonically in more recently born cohorts,
even after adjusting for concurrent demographic and socioeconomic changes. For drug and
AUDs, increases were observed among smokers both with and without a history of nicotine
dependence; for other outcomes, increases were entirely driven by nicotine-dependent
smokers. Findings suggest that smokers in more recent cohorts have disproportionately high
psychiatric vulnerability, and may benefit from greater mental health screenings.
Differentiating between casual and dependent smokers may further help prioritize those at
greatest risk. Researchers should also be aware of potential variation in psychiatric
comorbidity based on cohort of birth when defining groups of smokers, to minimize
confounding.Molecular Psychiatry advance online publication, 26 January 2016;
doi:10.1038/mp.2015.224.

PMID: 26809837 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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6. P sychother Psychosom. 2016;85(2):71-80. doi: 10.1159/000441731. Epub 2016 Jan 26.
Psychoanalytic-Interactional Therapy
versus Psychodynamic Therapy by Experts
for Personality Disorders: A Randomized
Controlled Efficacy-Effectiveness Study in
Cluster B Personality Disorders.
Leichsenring F1, Masuhr O, Jaeger U, Rabung S, Dally A, Dümpelmann M, Fricke-Neef C,
Steinert C, Streeck U.
Author information:
 1Department of Psychsomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Giessen, Giessen,
Germany.
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
With regard to cluster B personality disorders, most psychotherapeutic treatments focus on
borderline personality disorder. Evidence-based treatments for patients with other cluster B
personality disorders are not yet available. Psychoanalytic-interactional therapy (PIT)
represents a transdiagnostic treatment for severe personality disorders. PIT has been applied in
clinical practice for many years and has proven effective in open studies. In a randomized
controlled trial, we compared manual-guided PIT to nonmanualized pychodynamic therapy by
experts in personality disorders (E-PDT) in patients with cluster B personality disorders.
METHODS:
In an inpatient setting, patients with cluster B personality disorders were randomly assigned to
manual-guided PIT (n = 64) or nonmanualized E-PDT (n = 58). In addition, a quasi-
experimental control condition was used (n = 46) including both patients receiving treatment
as usual and patients waiting for treatment. Primary outcomes were level of personality
organization and overall psychological distress. As secondary outcomes, depression, anxiety
and interpersonal problems were examined.
RESULTS:
No significant improvements were found in the control patients. Both PIT and E-PDT
achieved significant improvements in all outcome measures and were superior to the control
condition. No differences were found between PIT and E-PDT in any outcome measure at the
end of treatment. The type of cluster B personality disorder had no impact on the results.
CONCLUSIONS:
In an inpatient setting, both PIT and E-PDT proved to be superior to a control condition in
cluster B personality disorders. In a head-to-head comparison, both treatments appeared to be
equally effective. Further research on the treatment of cluster B personality disorders is
required.
© 2016 S. Karger AG, Basel.

PMID: 26808580 [PubMed - in process]

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7. J Voice. 2016 Jan 21. pii: S0892-1997(15)00292-1. doi: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2015.12.008. [Epub
ahead of print]
Personal and Professional Characteristics of
Music Eduators: One Size Does Not Fit All.
Doherty ML1, van Mersbergen M2.
Author information:
 1School of Music, Northern Illinois University, 1425 Lincoln Avenue, DeKalb, Illinois
60115. Electronic address: [email protected].
 2School of Allied Health and Communicative Disorders, Northern Illinois University, 1425
Lincoln Avenue, DeKalb, Illinois 60115.
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS:
The prevalence of voice disorders among various educator groups is well known, and voice
disorders among music educators are higher than the general classroom educators. Music
educators vary with respect to behavioral and personality factors, personal characteristics,
type of music taught, job-specific environment, and governmental professional expectations.
This study aims to identify risk factors for voice disorders in a heterogeneous population of
music educators.
STUDY DESIGN:
An online survey was conducted with 213 respondents.
METHODS:
Survey questions addressed demographics, level of education, years of music teaching
experience, specialty training, primary teaching assignments and instrument, vocal health
behaviors, and diagnoses of voice disorders. Summary statistics and group comparisons are
reported.
RESULTS:
Those whose primary instrument was voice reported a greater frequency of voice disorders.
Female and older music educators also had a higher prevalence of voice disorders.
CONCLUSIONS:
Music educators are a heterogeneous group of individuals who require more careful
consideration in the prevention and treatment of occupational voice problems.
Copyright © 2015 The Voice Foundation. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

PMID: 26804786 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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8. J Sex Med. 2016 Jan 20. pii: S1743-6095(15)00055-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2015.12.020.
[Epub ahead of print]
Assessment of Sexual Fantasies in
Psychiatric Inpatients With Mood and
Psychotic Disorders and Comorbid
Personality Disorder Traits.
Colón Vilar G1, Concepción E1, Galynker I1, Tanis T1, Ardalan F1, Yaseen Z1, Cohen LJ2.
Author information:
 1Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA.
 2Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Beth Israel, New York, NY, USA. Electronic
address: [email protected].
Abstract
INTRODUCTION:
Sexuality is an important aspect of quality of life and sexual fantasies comprise a normal part
of human sexuality. However, the nature of sexuality and sexual fantasies of patients with
mental illness remains an understudied area.
AIM:
To investigate the nature and frequency of sexual fantasies in psychiatric patients, the present
study compared the frequency of four types of sexual fantasies across four different mood and
psychotic diagnoses and three personality disorder clusters.
METHODS:
Study participants included 133 psychiatric inpatients recruited from an urban hospital. Sexual
fantasies were compared across patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, schizoaffective
disorder, major depressive disorder and three nonclinical samples from the literature and then
correlated with personality cluster scores.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Subjects were administered the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axis I and for
Axis II Disorders. Sexual fantasies were assessed by the Wilson Sexual Fantasies
Questionnaire, which measures four types of sexual fantasies (exploratory, intimate,
impersonal, and sadomasochistic).
RESULTS:
Within the entire sample, there were significant differences across sexual fantasy types, with
subjects scoring highest on intimate sexual fantasies and then exploratory, impersonal, and
sadomasochistic. There were no significant differences across mood and psychotic diagnostic
groups for any of the sexual fantasy scales and the scores were within the normative range of
nonclinical samples. Patients with high cluster B scores scored significantly higher on all four
fantasy scales than those without. Patients with high cluster A scores scored lower on intimate
fantasies, but there was no association between cluster C scores and sexual fantasies. The
association between cluster B and sexual fantasies remained consistent across Structured
Clinical Interview for DSM-IV for Axis I diagnoses (no interaction effect).
CONCLUSION:
Patients with severe mental illness report sexual fantasies that are largely affiliative in nature
and consistent with normative patterns. This suggests that assessment and treatment of sexual
issues in the mentally ill should be part of the clinical routine as it is in healthy individuals.
Copyright © 2016 International Society for Sexual Medicine. Published by Elsevier Inc. All
rights reserved.

PMID: 26803456 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

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9. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016 Feb;55(2):130-6. doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.008.
Epub 2015 Nov 26.
Severity of Cortical Thinning Correlates
With Schizophrenia Spectrum Symptoms.
Watsky RE1, Ludovici Pollard K2, Greenstein D2, Shora L2, Dillard-Broadnax D2, Gochman
P2, Clasen LS2, Berman RA2, Rapoport JL2, Gogtay N2, Ordóñez AE2.
Author information:
 1Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD. Electronic address: [email protected].
 2Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, MD.