Table Of ContentSELF-CONTROL AND
SELF-MODIFICATION
OF EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR
ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF
COMMUNICATION AND AFFECT
Volume 1 • NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
Edited by Lester Krames, Patricia Pliner, and Thomas Alloway
Volume 2 • NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION OF AGGRESSION
Edited by Patricia Pliner, Lester Krames, and Thomas Alloway
Volume 3 • ATTACHMENT BEHAVIOR
Edited by Thomas Alloway, Patricia Pliner, and Lester Krames
Volume 4 • AGGRESSION, DOMINANCE, AND INDIVIDUAL SPACING
Edited by Lester Krames, Patricia Pliner, and Thomas Alloway
Volume 5 • PERCEPTION OF EMOTION IN SELF AND OTHERS
Edited by Patricia Pliner, Kirk R. Blankstein, and Irwin M. Spigel
Volume 6 • ASSESSMENT AND MODIFICATION OF EMOTIONAL
BEHAVIOR
Edited by Kirk R. Blankstein, Patricia Pliner, and Janet Polivy
Volume 7 • SELF-CONTROL AND SELF-MODIFICATION OF EMOTIONAL
BEHAVIOR
Edited by Kirk R. Blankstein and Janet Polivy
Volume 8 • AGING AND COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Edited by F. 1. M. Craik and Sandra Trehub
A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring
delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon
actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
ADVANCES IN THE STUDY OF
COMMUNICATION AND AFFECT
Volume 7
SELF-CONTROL AND
SELF-MODIFICATION
OF EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR
Edited by
Kirk R. Blankstein and Janet Polivy
Erindale College
University of Toronto
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
PLENUM PRESS . NEW YORK AND LONDON
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Self-control and self-modification of emotional behavior.
(Advances in the study of communication and affect; v.7)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. Emotions. 2. Behavior modification. I. Blankstein, Kirk R. II. Polivy, Janet. III.
Series. [DNLM: 1. Emotions. 2. Behavior therapy. WI AD8801 v. 7 / WM 425 S465)
BF56I.S44 1982 152.4 82-10234
ISBN-l3: 978-1-4615-9262-4 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4615-9260-0
DOl: 10.1007/978-1-4615-9260-0
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
Softcover reprint ofthe hardcover 1s t edition 1982
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 100l3
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
Contributors
JACQUELINE AVARD
Department of hychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
LAURENCE H. BERGER
Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
KIRK R. BLANKSTEIN
Department of Psychology, Erindale College, University of Toronto,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
RICHARD R. BOOTZIN
Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
D. BALFOUR JEFFREY
Department of Psychology, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana
JANET POLIVY
Department of P~ychology, Erindale College, University of Toronto,
Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
GERALD M. ROSEN
Clinical PsychQlogist, Private Practice, Seattle, Washington
v
vi Contributors
ETHEL ROSKIES
Department of Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec,
Canada
RICHARD SCHULZ
Institute on Aging, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon
GARY E. SCHWARTZ
Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
LINDA C. SOBELL
Clinical Institute, Addiction Research Foundation, 33 Russell Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
MARK B. SOBELL
Clinical Institute, Addiction Research Foundation, 33 Russell Street, Toronto,
Ontario, Canada
G. TERENCE WILSON
Department of Psychology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
Contents
CHAPTER 1
Emotions, Self-Control, and Self-Modification: An Introduction
KIRK R. BLANKSTEIN AND JANET POLIVY
Self-Control and Self-Modification: Working Definitions 1
Perspectives on Self-Control and Self-Modification 2
Self-Control and Self-Modification of Emotional Behavior 6
References 10
CHAPTER 2
Physiological Patterning and Emotion: Implications for the Self-
Regulation of Emotion .................. . 13
GARY E. SCHWARTZ
Introduction ........... . 13
Patterning of Subjective Experience 15
Facial Muscle Patterning and Emotion 18
Autonomic Nervous System Patterning and Emotion 19
Denial, Dissociation, and Disregulation ..... . 21
Patterns of Central Nervous System Processes and Emotion 23
Summary and Conclusions 25
References ...... . 26
vii
viii Contents
CHAPTER 3
A Self-Environmental Systems Model and Its Implications
for Behavior Change . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
D. BALFOUR JEFFREY AND LAURENCE H. BERGER
Introduction to Systems Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Application of a Systems Theory to a Mechanical System 36
Application of Systems Theory to Simple Operant Schedules 40
Sidman Schedule 42
Other Schedules 45
Conclusions 45
A Self-Environmental Regulation Model 46
The SERMOD ...... . 47
Illustrations of the SERMOD . . . . 49
Summary ............. . 51
Self-Environmental Regulation Treatment Strategies 52
Application of the SERMOD and SERTS to the Individual
Management of Obesity ........... . 56
Component Analyses of Self-Control Techniques 57
Comprehensive Self-Control Treatment Programs 60
Application of the SERMOD and SERTS to the Analysis of
Television Commercials and Eating Habits 61
Health Risks of the Typical American Diet 62
Television Viewing and Programming Analysis 63
The Research Problem ........... . 63
The Television Research Program at the University of
Montana 64
Concluding Comments 66
Summary 66
References 67
CHAPTER 4
Emotionality and Aging 71
RICHARD SCHULZ
Defining Emotions ..... . 72
Theories of Emotion .... . 74
Psychophysiological Theories 75
The Sociological Viewpoint 80
Contents ix
Theories of Emotionality: Some Integrating Comments 80
Emotions and Biological Aging ........... . 82
Cognitive Changes ................. . 86
The Data: Evidence on Affect and Emotion in the Aged 89
Personality Change and Aging ...... . 90
Long-Term Emotional Problems of the Aged 91
Affect and Mood in the Aged 91
Experimental Data 93
Summary and Discussion 95
References ...... . 97
CHAPTER 5
A Skill Deficit Approach to Loneliness 101
RICHARD R. BOOTZIN
Consequences of Aloneness ........... . 101
Approaches to Loneliness ........... . 103
Loneliness, Coping Skills, and Pleasurable Activities 106
The Prevention of Loneliness 110
References 114
CHAPTER 6
Alcohol and Anxiety: Recent Evidence on the Tension Reduction
Theory of Alcohol Use and Abuse ............. 1 I7
G. TERENCE WILSON
Evidence from Animal Studies 119
Evidence from Studies with Human Subjects ......... . 120
Methodological Problems in Evaluating the Tension Reduction
Theory ..................... . 122
Alcohol and Anxiety: A Social Learning Analysis .. 123
Expectations and Alcohol's Effects on Social Anxiety 125
Increasing Levels of Intoxication and Social Anxiety 130
Expectations of Self-Intoxication and Partner's Drinking in
Dyadic Social Interaction 133
Do People Drink to Reduce Tension? 134
Conclusion 136
References 138
x Contents
CHAPTER 7
Controlled Drinking: A Concept Coming of Age 143
MARK B. SOB ELL AND LINDA C. SOB ELL
The Origins of Traditional Ideology . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Basic Research on Control over Drinking ......... 146
Applied Research on Control over Drinking: Treatment and
Follow-up Studies .................. 150
A Critical Evaluation of the Responses of Traditionalists 155
Possible Predictors of Controlled-Drinking Outcomes 158
The Contemporary State of Treatment for Alcoholism 159
Self-Regulation and the Alcohol Field 160
References ............. 161
CHAPTER 8
Teaching Healthy Managers to Control Their Coronary-Prone
(Type A) Behavior ................... . 163
ETHEL ROSKIES AND JACQUELINE AVARD
Targets for Change in the Type A Pattern 164
Treatment Philosophy . . . . . . . . 165
A Limited Intervention Model 166
Emphasis on Personal Effectiveness 166
A Multimodal Treatment Approach 167
Coping versus Cure . . . . . . . . 168
Treatment Techniques . . . . . . . . 168
Awareness as a Preliminary to Intervention 169
Stress Reduction as Skills Training 169
A Hierarchical Presentation of Techniques 170
Treatment Content ....... . 171
Progressive Muscular Relaxation 171
Rational-Emotive Thinking 172
Communication Skills 174
Problem-Solving Skills 175
Stress Inoculation . . 175
Maintaining and Generalizing Treatment Benefits 176
Problems Anticipated and Encountered 177
Personal Disclosure . . 178
Problems of Scheduling . . . . . . . 178
