Self-Cleaning Materials and Surfaces: A Nanotechnology Approach

358 Pages·2013·7.571 MB·English

by  Dr Walid A. Daoud

Self-Cleaning Materials
and Surfaces
ANanotechnologyApproach
Self-Cleaning Materials
and Surfaces
A Nanotechnology Approach
Edited by
WALID A. DAOUD
School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong,
Hong Kong
Thiseditionfirstpublished2013
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Self-cleaningmaterialsandsurfaces:ananotechnologyapproach/editedbyWalidA.Daoud.
pagescm
Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex.
ISBN978-1-119-99177-9(cloth)
1.Coatings. 2.Surfaceactiveagents. 3.Materials–Cleaning. 4.Nanostructuredmaterials. I.Daoud,WalidA.
TA418.9.C57S452013
667(cid:3).9–dc23
2013016955
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
ISBN:9781119991779
Setin10/12ptTimesbyAptaraInc.,NewDelhi,India.
1 2013
Contents
ListofContributors xiii
Preface xv
PART I CONCEPTSOFSELF-CLEANINGSURFACES
1 SuperhydrophobicityandSelf-Cleaning 3
PaulRoachandNeilShirtcliffe
1.1 Superhydrophobicity 3
1.1.1 IntroducingSuperhydrophobicity 3
1.1.2 ContactAnglesandWetting 4
1.1.3 ContactAngleHysteresis 4
1.1.4 TheEffectofRoughnessonContactAngles 6
1.1.5 WheretheEquationsComeFrom 8
1.1.6 WhichStateDoesaDropMoveInto? 11
1.2 Self-CleaningonSuperhydrophobicSurfaces 12
1.2.1 MechanismsofSelf-CleaningonSuperhydrophobicSurfaces 12
1.2.2 OtherFactors 15
1.2.3 Nature’sAnswers 17
1.2.4 SuperhydrophilicSelf-CleaningSurfaces 19
1.2.5 FunctionalPropertiesofSuperhydrophobicSurfaces 20
1.3 MaterialsandFabrication 25
1.4 FuturePerspectives 27
References 28
PART II APPLICATIONSOFSELF-CLEANINGSURFACES
2 RecentDevelopmentonSelf-CleaningCementitiousCoatings 35
DanieleEnea
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 AtmosphericPollution:SubstancesandLaws 36
2.2.1 NitrogenOxides 36
2.2.2 ParticulateMatter 37
2.2.3 VolatileOrganicCompounds 37
2.3 HeterogeneousPhotocatalysis 38
vi Contents
2.4 Self-CleaningSurfaces 39
2.4.1 MechanismsofPhoto-ReductionofAirPollutants 41
2.4.2 SomeExperimentalEvidences 41
2.5 MainApplications 44
2.6 TestMethods 46
2.6.1 Colour 46
2.6.2 PhotocatalyticDegradationofNitrogenOxides 47
2.6.3 PhotocatalyticDegradationofMicro-PollutantsinAir 49
2.6.4 PhotocatalyticDegradationofRhodamineB 51
2.6.5 SpectroscopicTechniques 53
2.7 FutureDevelopments 53
References 54
3 RecentProgressonSelf-CleaningGlassesandIntegrationwith
OtherFunctions 57
BaoshunLiu,QingnanZhaoandXiujianZhao
3.1 Introduction 57
3.2 TheoreticalFundamentalsforSelf-CleaningGlasses 58
3.2.1 Wettability 58
3.2.2 PhotoinducedHydrophilicity 59
3.2.3 HeterogeneousPhotocatalysis 62
3.3 Self-CleaningGlassesBasedonPhotocatalysisandPhotoinduced
Hydrophilicity 63
3.3.1 Self-CleaningGlasseswithPores 63
3.3.2 DopingtoRealizeVisible-Light-InducedSelf-Cleaning
Glasses 65
3.3.3 TheUseofHoleTransfertoRealizeSelf-Cleaning 67
3.3.4 TheEffectofTemperatureandAtmosphereonthe
PhotoinducedHydrophilicity 67
3.3.5 TheEffectofSodaIonsonthePropertiesofSelf-Cleaning
Glasses 69
3.3.6 TheAnti-BacterialEffectandAnti-FoggingEffect 70
3.3.7 TheCompositeSiO FilmsforSelf-CleaningGlasseswith
2
HighAntireflection 72
3.4 InorganicHydrophobicSelf-CleaningGlasses 75
3.4.1 ModifyingTheTiO FilmbyLow-ElectronegativityElements 75
2
3.4.2 TheApplicationofZnOMaterialinaSuperhydrophobic
Material 77
3.5 Self-CleaningGlassesModifiedbyOrganicMolecules 79
3.6 TheFunctionalityofSelf-CleaningGlasses 80
References 84
4 Self-CleaningSurfaceofClayRoofingTiles 89
JonjauaRanogajecandMiroslavaRadeka
4.1 ClayRoofingTilesandTheirDeteriorationPhenomena 89
4.1.1 RawMaterialCompositionandFiringProcess 89
Contents vii
4.1.2 SurfaceCharacteristicsofClayRoofingTiles 91
4.1.3 Frost,ChemicalandBiocorrosionDeteriorationofClay
RoofingTiles 96
4.1.4 SimulationofWeatheringofClayRoofingTilesinLaboratory
Conditions 97
4.2 ProtectiveandSelf-CleaningMaterialsforClayRoofingTiles 105
4.2.1 DesignofProtectiveandSelf-CleaningCoatings 107
4.2.2 MonitoringtheCharacteristicsofCoatedClayRoofingTiles 113
References 123
5 Self-CleaningFibersandFabrics 129
WingSzeTungandWalidA.Daoud
5.1 Introduction 129
5.2 Photocatalysis 130
5.2.1 Mechanisms 131
5.2.2 TitaniumDioxidePhotocatalyst 132
5.3 PhotocatalyticSelf-CleaningSurfaceFunctionalizationofFibrous
Materials 134
5.3.1 Self-CleaningCellulosicFibers 134
5.3.2 Self-CleaningKeratinFibers 139
5.3.3 Self-CleaningSyntheticFibers 140
5.4 ApplicationofPhotocatalyticSelf-CleaningFibers 142
5.4.1 ProtectiveClothing 142
5.4.2 HouseholdAppliancesandInteriorFurnishing 143
5.5 Limitations 144
5.5.1 EnvironmentalConcerns 144
5.5.2 HumanSafetyConcerns 144
5.5.3 PhotocatalyticEfficiencyandStability 145
5.6 FutureProspects 146
5.6.1 VisibleLightActivation 146
5.6.2 RemotePhotocatalyticEffect 146
5.6.3 ProcessModification 146
5.6.4 EmpiricalMeasurements 147
5.7 Conclusions 147
References 147
6 Self-CleaningMaterialsforPlasticandPlastic-ContainingSubstrates 153
HoumanYaghoubi
6.1 Introduction 153
6.2 TiO ThinFilmsonPolymers:Sol–Gel-Based
2
WetCoatingTechniques 155
6.2.1 WetCoatingTechniques:HistoryandAdvantages 155
6.2.2 TiO PhotocatalyticThinFilmsonPCandPMMA 156
2
6.2.3 SiO IncorporationintoTiO -SiO asanInterfacial
2 2 2
LayerforTiO 162
2
6.2.4 TiO PhotocatalyticThinFilmsonPETandHDPE 167
2
viii Contents
6.2.5 TiO PhotocatalyticThinFilmsonPS 171
2
6.2.6 ModifiedHybridTiO SolsonPlastics:ABS,Polystyrene,
2
andPVC 172
6.2.7 TiO onPaintsandSelf-CleaningPaints 175
2
6.2.8 MWIrradiation–AssistedDipCoatingforLow-Temperature
TiO DepositiononPolymers 178
2
6.2.9 NanomechanicalPropertiesofDippedTiO GranularThin
2
FilmsonPolymerSubstrates 179
6.3 TiO –PolymerNanocompositesReview:
2
Casting(Mixing)Techniques 181
6.3.1 ShortHistoryandAdvantages 181
6.3.2 Ag/PolyethyleneGlycol(PEG)–Polyurethane(PU)–TiO
2
NanocompositeFilmsbySolutionCastingTechniques 182
6.3.3 AntimicrobialActivityofTiO -IsotacticPolypropylene(iPP)
2
Composites 183
6.3.4 TiO ImmobilizedBiodegradablePolymers 184
2
6.4 TiO Sputter-CoatedFilmsonPolymerSubstrates 187
2
6.4.1 DCReactiveMagnetronSputteringofPhotocatalyticTiO
2
FilmsonPC 187
6.4.2 ReactiveRadio-Frequency[RF]MagnetronSputteringof
PhotocatalyticTiO FilmsonPET 189
2
6.5 TiO ThinFilmsonPETandPMMAbyNanoparticleDeposition
2
Systems(NPDS) 190
6.6 Photo-ResponsiveDischargingEffectofStaticElectricityon
TiO -CoatedPlasticFilms 192
2
6.7 RecentAchievements 192
6.7.1 CommercializedProducts:Ube-NittoKaseiCo.andthe
UniversityofTokyo 192
6.7.2 Patents:UniversityofWisconsin 193
Acknowledgements 194
References 194
PART III ADVANCESINSELF-CLEANINGSURFACES
7 Self-CleaningTextilesModifiedbyTiO andBactericideTextiles
2
ModifiedbyAgandCu 205
JohnKiwiandCesarPulgarin
7.1 Introduction 205
7.2 Self-CleaningTextiles:RF-PlasmaPretreatmenttoIncreasethe
BindingofTiO 206
2
7.3 Self-CleaningMechanismforColorlessandColoredStains
onTextiles 208
7.4 Self-CleaningTextiles:Vacuum-UVCPretreatmenttoIncreasethe
BindingofTiO 209
2
Contents ix
7.5 XPStoFollowStainDiscolorationonCottonModifiedwithTiO and
2
CharacterizationoftheTiO Coating 212
2
7.6 Bactericide/Ag/TextilesPreparedbyPretreatmentwithVacuum-UVC 214
7.7 DC-MagnetronSputteringofTextileswithAgInactivatingAirborne
Bacteria 217
7.8 InactivationofE.colibyCuOinSuspensionintheDarkandUnder
VisibleLight 218
7.9 InactivationofE.colibyPretreatedCottonTextilesModifiedwith
Cu/CuOattheSolid/AirInterface 220
7.10 DirectCurrentMagnetronSputtering(DCandDCP)of
NanoparticulateContinuousCu-CoatingsonCottonTextileInducing
BacterialInactivationintheDarkandUnderLightIrradiation 220
7.11 FutureTrends 223
References 224
8 LiquidFlameSprayasaMeanstoAchieveNanoscaleCoatingswith
Easy-to-CleanProperties 229
MikkoAromaa,JoeA.PimenoffandJyrkiM.Ma¨kela¨
8.1 Gas-PhaseSynthesisofNanoparticles 229
8.2 AerosolReactors 233
8.2.1 HotWallReactors 233
8.2.2 LaserReactors 234
8.2.3 PlasmaReactors 234
8.2.4 FlameReactors 235
8.2.5 SprayPyrolysis 236
8.3 LiquidFlameSpray 237
8.3.1 SynthesisofNanoparticlesviaLFS 237
8.3.2 MulticomponentNanoparticles 238
8.3.3 SynthesisandDepositionofNanoparticleCoatings 240
8.4 LiquidFlameSprayinSynthesisofEasy-to-Clean
AntimicrobialCoatings 243
8.4.1 SynthesisofTitaniumDioxide 243
8.4.2 DepositionoftheTitaniaCoatings 244
8.4.3 DopingoftheCoatings 246
8.4.4 PerformanceoftheAntimicrobialEasy-to-CleanCoatings 247
8.5 Summary 249
References 249
9 PulsedLaserDepositionofSurfaceswithTunableWettability 253
EvieL.Papadopoulou
9.1 Introduction 253
9.2 BasicTheoryofWettingPropertiesofSurfaces 254
9.2.1 PlanarSurfaces 254
9.2.2 RoughSurfaces 255
x Contents
9.3 RougheningaFlatSurface 256
9.3.1 PLDTechniqueOverview 257
9.3.2 NanostructuresGrownbyPLD 257
9.4 SwitchableWettability 263
9.4.1 PhotoinducedWettabilityonPLDStructures 263
9.4.2 ElectrowettingonPLDStructures 267
9.5 ConcludingRemarks 270
References 271
10 FabricationofAntireflectiveSelf-CleaningSurfacesUsing
Layer-by-LayerAssemblyTechniques 277
Yu-MinYang
10.1 Introduction 277
10.2 AntireflectiveCoatings 278
10.2.1 InterferenceMultipleLayers 278
10.2.2 InhomogeneousLayerwithGradientRefractiveIndex 279
10.3 Solution-BasedLayer-by-Layer(LbL)AssemblyTechniques 280
10.3.1 ElectrostaticAssembly 280
10.3.2 Langmuir–Blodgett(LB)Assembly 281
10.3.3 Self-Assembly 282
10.4 MechanismsofSelf-Cleaning 283
10.4.1 HydrophilicSurfaces 283
10.4.2 HydrophobicSurfaces 284
10.5 FabricationofAntireflectiveSelf-CleaningSurfaces
UsingElectrostaticLayer-by-Layer(ELbL)Assembly
ofNanoparticles 285
10.5.1 SuperhydrophilicSelf-CleaningSurfaceswith
AntireflectiveProperties 285
10.5.2 SuperhydrophobicSelf-CleaningSurfaceswith
AntireflectiveProperties 291
10.6 FabricationofSuperhydrophobicSelf-CleaningSurfaces
UsingLBAssemblyofMicro-/Nanoparticles 297
10.7 CharacterizationofAs-FabricatedSurfaces 300
10.7.1 SurfaceMorphologyandRoughness 300
10.7.2 Thickness,Porosity,andRefractiveIndex 301
10.7.3 Transmittance 302
10.7.4 PhotocatalyticProperties 303
10.7.5 ContactAngleandContactAngleHysteresis 304
10.7.6 MechanicalStability 305
10.8 ChallengesandFutureDevelopment 306
10.9 Conclusion 307
References 307
Contents xi
PARTIV POTENTIALHAZARDSANDLIMITATIONS
OFSELF-CLEANINGSURFACES
11 TheEnvironmentalImpactofaNanoparticle-BasedReducedNeed
ofCleaningProductandtheLimitationThereof 315
L.Reijnders
11.1 Introduction 315
11.1.1 Outline 315
11.1.2 Nanoparticle-BasedReducedNeedofCleaningSurfaces 316
11.2 TitaniaandAmorphousSilicaNanoparticlesandCarbonNanotubes
CanBeHazardousandMayPoseaRisk 319
11.2.1 MolecularMechanisms 322
11.2.2 RiskCausedbyNanoparticles 322
11.3 EnvironmentalImpactofaReducedNeedofCleaningProduct 323
11.3.1 DirectEnvironmentalEffectsofaNanoparticle-Based
ReducedNeedofCleaningProduct 324
11.3.2 NetDirectEnvironmentalBenefits 328
11.3.3 IndirectEnvironmentalEffectsofaNanoparticle-Based
ReducedNeedofCleaningProduct 329
11.4 LimitingtheDirectEnvironmentalImpactofaNanoparticle-Based
ReducedNeedofCleaningProduct,IncludingLimitationofRisks
FollowingfromExposuretoNanoparticles 330
11.4.1 LimitingtheDirectEnvironmentalImpact 330
11.4.2 LimitationofRisksFollowingfromExposuretoNanoparticles 330
11.5 Conclusion 331
References 331
Index 347