Table Of ContentSELF AND SOCIAL CONTEXT
SELF AND SOCIAL
CONTEXT
RAY HOLLAND
St. Martin's Press New York
©Ray Holland 1977
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1977 978-0-333-19811-7
All rights reserved. For information, write:
St. Martin's Press, Inc., 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 77-27530
ISBN 978-0-333-19812-4 ISBN 978-1-349-15789-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-15789-1
First published in the United States of America in 1978
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Holland, Ray.
Self and social context.
1. Self. 2. Psychoanalysis. 3. Existential psychology.
4. Social role. I. Title.
BF697.H54 155.2 77-27530
ISBN 978-0-312-71229-7
To Sue, Zed and Zoe
Contents
Preface ix
Acknowledgements x
1 Introduction 11
1.1 Understanding, values and meaning 12
1.2 Misunderstanding and 'positive generality' 14
1.3 The interdisciplinary void 16
1.4 Reactive characteristics of theories 19
1.5 Psychoanalytic theory in Britain 20
1.6 Freud, Husser! and Marx 21
1.7 A human science of self in social context 21
2 Reaction to Freud-Social-SeH Theories 26
2.1 G. H. Mead 27
2.2 H. S. Sullivan 30
2.3 E. H. Erikson 34
2.4 A theory by inversion-S. M. Jourard 40
3 The Reaction to Behaviourism and Refusal of Alternatives 49
3.1 G. W. Allport 49
4 A Kind of Existentialism 59
4.1 G. A. Kelly 59
4.2 A. H. Maslow 60
4.3 C. R. Rogers 67
4.4 Theories in limbo 78
S Role Theory and the Human Sciences 81
5.1 Personal construct theory and role 83
5.2 Structural role theory 88
5.3 Self/other role theory 92
5.4 Sociological role theories 98
5.5 Personal construct role theory 104
5.6 The disciplines meet-a symposium 111
5.7 Some philosophical approaches and their implications 123
5.8 A philosophical mystification 137
5.9 A philosophical clarification 146
5.10 Polarisation and social analysis 148
5.11 The relations between disciplines 163
6 British Existentialism 191
6.1 R. D. Laing 201
6.2 D. G. Cooper 208
6.3 A. Esterson 213
7 British Psychoanalysis 221
8 Reading and Revisionism 228
8.1 L. Althusser 230
8.2 J. Lacan 236
8.3 A. Wilden 248
9 A Human Science of Self in Social Context 258
9.1 Notes toward reflexivity 258
9.2 Recapitulation of the critique 262
9.3 A human science of self in social context 267
9.4 A human science in action 272
9.5 Postscript 285
Bibliography 289
Index 292
Preface
This book is an attempt to follow a single theme entailing critical
reading into the territories in and between several disciplines in the
human sciences. A critique of personality theories, using psycho
analytic insights within a sociology of knowledge, develops into a
criticism of role theories and the sociology of knowledge itself. This
constant turning of disciplines and theories back on to themselves
seeks reflexive clarification of the 'knowledge' produced in the belief
that reflexivity is both a problem and a resource for the human
sciences. I realise it is only a beginning, but after struggling with the
problem for a long time I now think it has become more of a resource
than a problem.
As I see it the division of labour in intellectual work has taken a
pathological turn and the personal and material benefits of specialisa
tion now cost too much in terms of neglected areas and misconceived
issues. We need above all to understand the psychological and social
forces at work in the processes of knowledge production.
Since recent work in the sociology of science, knowledge and
ideologies generally lacks a psychological dimension, I hope the
situated critical analyses undertaken here will offer some possible
lines of development in this direction.
Ray Holland
Chelsea College,
University of London
Acknowledgements
Phil Sealy, through his seminar at the LSE, helped me to start on this
line of work and gave unfailing support and advice no matter how
l used it.
Colleagues in the Department of Humanities at Chelsea College,
particularly Harold Silver, Colin Falck, Judith Ryder and Oliver
Williams, shared their experience as we worked together. Similarly
with later colleagues in the Department of Sociology and Psychology,
especially Esther Saraga. The most practical lessons in the sociology
of knowledge have been learned from fellow members of the AUT,
the group which most clearly embodies and protects university
standards. In this and other college work Frank Lesser's sense of
collective responsibility has set a standard.
Aaron Esterson, George Gross and Paul Senft were greatly valued
friends in the earlier days of The Human Context editorial board.
So were the members of various study groups on psychoanalytic and
political matters around this time.
I owe an immeasurable debt to my wife Sue, that rarity among
psychoanalytic therapists who not only dares to face the social and
political implications of her work but carries through these
insights into a radical practice. Zed, our son, though barely speaking,
knows better than we the dialectic of inspiration and challenge.
Hermine Ball and Shirley White literally worked overtime to type
the manuscript giving encouragement as well as their skills.
In giving thanks for all this help I also take full responsibility for
what I have turned it towards.
1
Introduction
One's first impression on looking at the field of personality theories
is of a great range and variety of contending approaches. And yet on
closer examination there are certain basic themes which arise in
different theories; like the concept of a 'natural' or 'true' self which
struggles to emerge against all the pressures and distorting influences
of a social environment, or Freud's discoveries which appear in a
number of different guises. Thus it is possible, and may be useful, to
explore personality theories at the level of these themes in addition
to whatever work may go on by way of specific empirical testing of
particular theories. This approach is especially relevant in a study
which, while respecting the necessary autonomy of the disciplines of
psychology and sociology, is designed to raise questions about the
relation between them and the possibilities and needs for inter
disciplinary study. Personality theories are attempts to construct
knowledge of a particularly significant kind-knowledge of what it is
to be a human being, with all that this entails in terms of a formative
social context-and this makes it imperative to call upon a pre
dominantly sociological method of appraisal which derives from the
sociology of knowledge, as well as a careful psychological assess
ment of the theories.
In at least one area, role theories, there is as much work in
sociology as in psychology, and as well as providing a fruitful
starting point for exploring the relation between the two, it is of
sufficient breadth in its implications to pose the even bigger question
of the relations between all the social and behavioural disciplines
what might be called for the moment, and with admitted postpone
ment of issues of definition, 'the human sciences'.
The main themes have various characteristics: in some cases a theme
has been set going by one man, for example Freud; but in others it
may be the kind of intellectual tradition which is not readily identi
fied with one man but rather with a group or succession of theorists,
for example existentialism and phenomenology. In any case it will be
necessary to look at each theme firstly for what it offers as a contri-
