Selective Breeding in Aquaculture: An Introduction

221 Pages·2009·2.04 MB·English

by  Trygve Gjedrem

Selective Breeding in Aquaculture: An Introduction
Reviews:MethodsandTechnologiesinFishBiologyandFisheries
VOLUME10
Serieseditor:
JenniferL.Nielsen
U.S.GeologicalSurvey,
AlaskaScienceCenter
Anchorage,Alaska
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/6481
·
Trygve Gjedrem Matthew Baranski
Selective Breeding in
Aquaculture: An Introduction
123
TrygveGjedrem MatthewBaranski
NofimaMarin NofimaMarin
1432Aas 1432Aas
Norway Norway
trygve.gjedrem@nofima.no
ISSN1571-3075
ISBN978-90-481-2772-6 e-ISBN978-90-481-2773-3
DOI10.1007/978-90-481-2773-3
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009928426
(cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby
anymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopying,microfilming,recordingorotherwise,withoutwritten
permissionfromthePublisher,withtheexceptionofanymaterialsuppliedspecificallyforthepurpose
ofbeingenteredandexecutedonacomputersystem,forexclusiveusebythepurchaserofthework.
Coverillustration:LarvaeofAtlanticCodbySaskiaMennen,Nofima
Printedonacid-freepaper
SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com)
Preface
Thefoundationofquantitativegeneticstheorywasdevelopedduringthelastcentury
and facilitated many successful breeding programs for cultivated plants and ter-
restrial livestock. The results have been almost universally impressive, and today
nearly all agricultural production utilises genetically improved seed and animals.
Theaquacultureindustrycanlearnagreatdealfromtheseexperiences,becausethe
basictheorybehindselectivebreedingisthesameforallspecies.
The first published selection experiments in aquaculture started in 1920s to
improve disease resistance in fish, but it was not before the 1970s that the first
family based breeding program was initiated for Atlantic salmon in Norway by
AKVAFORSK.Unfortunately,thesubsequentimplementationofselectivebreeding
on a wider scale in aquaculture has been slow, and despite the dramatic gains that
havebeendemonstratedinanumberofspecies,lessthan10%ofworldaquaculture
productioniscurrentlybasedonimprovedstocks.Forthelong-termsustainability
of aquaculture production, there is an urgent need to develop and implement effi-
cient breeding programs for all species under commercial production. The ability
foraquaculturetosuccessfullymeetthedemandsofaneverincreasinghumanpop-
ulation, will rely on genetically improved stocks that utilise feed, water and land
resources in an efficient way. Technological advances like genome sequences of
aquaculturespecies,andadvancedmolecularmethodsmeansthattherearenewand
excitingprospectsforbuildingonthesewell-establishedmethodsintothefuture.
Themainpurposeofthisbookistodemonstratethesuccessthatselectivebreed-
ingprogramshaveachievedsofarinaquaculture,andtohighlightthetremendous
potentialthistechnologyoffersforefficientandproductiveaquacultureproduction
inthefuture.
Themainsectionsofthebookare:
• Whyimproveproductiontraitsinfishandshellfish?
• Whathasbeenaccomplishedinselectivebreedingprogramsinaquaculture?
• Abriefoutlineofthetheoryofquantitativegenetics
• Establishingandrunningbreedingprograms
• Integrationofmoleculargenetictools
v
vi Preface
The book is primarily written for aquaculture students with selective breeding
as a subject, farmers, advisory consultants and farm managers. Students specialis-
inginselectivebreedingmayalsofinditusefultoconsultthebook‘Selectionand
breedingprogramsinaquaculture’(Springer,2005),whichprovidesamorein-depth
coverageofthetopicsdiscussedhere.
We hope that this book will stimulate aquaculture industries to consider the
use of improved stocks in their production of fish and shellfish. The development
and implementation of breeding programs must be driven by industry, with the
support of scientists, farmers organisations and governments. The benefits will be
farreaching.
Ås,Norway TrygveGjedrem
February2009 MatthewBaranski
Acknowledgements
We express our sincere appreciation to our employer, Nofima Marin, Ås, for their
continuous support and financial contribution to the publication of this book. It
has been inspiring to work together with the skilled scientists at the institute.
We are particularly grateful to Dr. Solveig van Nes, Reidun Lilleholt and Grethe
Tuven for technical help. Furthermore, we thank the director of AKVAFORSK
Genetics Center AS (AFGC), Dr. Morten Rye, for his valuable contribution to the
manuscript.Finally,wewouldliketothankDr.HansB.Bentsen,Dr.BjarneGjerde
andDr.NicholasRobinsonfortheirvaluablesupport.
Ås,Norway TrygveGjedrem
February2009 MatthewBaranski
vii
Contents
1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 HistoricDevelopmentofAquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 DefinitionofaBreedingProgram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 DomesticationandtheApplicationofGeneticImprovement
inAquaculture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.1 DomesticationofAnimals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.2 SelectiveBreeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2.3 QualityTraits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.4 BetterUtilizationofResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.5 GeneticImprovementisAccumulative. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.6 GeneticImprovementProducesPermanentGains . . . . . . . . 8
2.7 InitiatingaSelectiveBreedingProgram . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.8 SelectiveBreedingProgramsinAquaculture . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.9 PrerequisitesforaBreedingProgram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3 TheSuccessofSelectiveBreedinginAquaculture . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2 AtlanticSalmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.3 RainbowTrout . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.4 CohoSalmon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
3.5 Tilapia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3.6 Carp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.7 ChannelCatfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.8 SeaBream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.9 Shrimp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
3.10 Oysters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.11 Scallops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.12 GeneticImprovementinAquaticSpeciesComparedto
TerrestrialLivestockSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.13 SummaryandConclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4 TheTheoreticalBasisforBreedingandSelection . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4.2 TheCell. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
ix
x Contents
4.3 BasicGenetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.2 Genes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.3.3 EffectofGenes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4 Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.4.2 SingleGeneTraits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4.3 QuantitativeTraits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.4.4 VariationinQuantitativeTraits . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4.4.5 VariationBetweenSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4.4.6 VariationWithinSpecies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5 EstimationofVariationandCovariation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5.1 MeanandStandardDeviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
4.5.2 VarianceofaSum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4.5.3 GeneticVariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5.4 Heritability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
4.5.5 EnvironmentalVariance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4.5.6 CorrelationsBetweenTraits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
4.5.7 Regression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
4.6 InbreedingandRelatedness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.6.1 GeneticRelationship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.6.2 Inbreeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4.6.3 EffectivePopulationSize . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.6.4 EffectofInbreedingonGeneticVariance . . . . . . . . 48
4.6.5 InbreedingDepression . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
4.7 Crossbreeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.7.2 Heterosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.8 Purebreeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.9 Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4.9.2 NaturalSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.9.3 ArtificialSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
4.9.4 PredictingSelectionChange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.9.5 MultipleTraitSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.9.6 CorrelatedResponsetoSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.9.7 EffectofSelectiononGeneticVariance . . . . . . . . 58
4.9.8 MethodsofSelection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.9.9 SelectionLimits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
5 InitiatingBreedingPrograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
5.2 TheFundamentalBasisofaBreedingProgram . . . . . . . . . 64
5.3 EstablishmentofaBasePopulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65