Select Articles on Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina

240 Pages·2019·15.15 MB·English

by  Roy Waidler

Contents:
pp. 6 - 15
Monoamines in the Brain under the Influence of Muscimol and
Ibotenic Acid, Two Psychoactive Principles of Amanita Muscaria
P. Konig-Persin et al - Psychopharmacologia 1970
pp. 16 - 19
Amanita Muscaria and the Thunderbolt Legend in Guatemala and
Mexico B. Lowy - Mycologia 1974
pp. 20 - 24
Russian Use of Amanita Muscaria - A Footnote to Wasson's Soma
Ethel Dunn - Current Anthropology 1973
pp. 25 - 28
Traditional Use in North America of Amanita Muscaria
R. Gordon Wasson - Journal of Psychedelic Drugs 1979
pp. 30 - 60
Soma and Amanita Muscaria John Brough CTAKL 1981
pp. 61 - 66
Microbore Single-Column Analysis of Pharmacologically Active
Alkaloids from the Fly Agaric Mushroom Amanita Muscaria
Gore & Jordan - Journal of Chromatography 1982
pp. 67 - 82
2,3 - and 4,5 Secodopa, the Biosynthetic IntermediatesGenerated
from L-Dopa by an Enzyme System Extracted from the Amanita
Muscaria L, and Their Spontaneous Conversion to Muscaflavin and
Betalamic Acid, Respectively, and Betalains Terradas & Wyler
Helvetica Chima Acta 1991
pp. 83 - 97
Amanita Muscaria : chemistry, biology, toxicology, and ethnomycology
Diderot & Melendez-Howell - British Mycological Society 2003
pp. 98 - 100
Fly Agaric ( Amanita Muscaria)Poisoning: Case Report and Review
Satora et al - Toxicon 2005
pp. 101 - 118
Ethnomycological Data from Siberia and Northeast Asia on the Effect
of Amanita Muscaria - Maret Saar - Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy
1991
pp. 119
Amanita Muscaria takes on a Trusty New Role - G. Hadley -
Mycologist 1996
pp. 120 - 126
Isolation and characterization of a general amino acid permease from
the ectomycorrhizal fungus Amanita muscaria - Nehls et al - New
Phytologist 1999
pp. 127 - 134
Revisitng Wasson's Soma: Exploring the Effects of Preparation on the
Chemistry of Amanita Muscaria - Kevin Feeny - Journal of
Psychoactive Drugs 2010
pp. 135 - 144
Mushroom Poisoning in Infants and Children: The Amanita
Pantherina/muscaria Group - D. R. Benjamin - Clinical Toxicology
1992
pp. 145 - 152
Release and dispersal of basidiospores from Amanita muscaria var .
alba and their infiltration into a residence - De-Wei Li - Mycology
Society 2005
pp. 153 - 166
Phylogeographic Analysis of a Boreal-Temperate Ectomycorrhizal
Basidiomyte, Amanita muscaria , Suggest Forest Refugia in Alaska
during the Last Glacial Maximum - Jozsef Geml et al - in Relict
Species - Phylogeography and Conservation Biology, Springer 2010
pp. 167 - 178
Hallucinogenic Species in Amanita Muscaria. Determination of
Muscimol and Ibotenic Acid by Ion-interaction HPLC - M. C. Gennaro
et al - Universita di Torino 2014
pp. 179 - 185
Amanita Toxicosis in Two Dogs - John H. Rossmeisl Jr. et al - Journal
of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care 2006
p. 186
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated receptot gamma: A common link for
non-alchoholic fatty liver disease and colorectal cancer? - G. A.
Biziulvicius - Laboratory of Immunopharmacology Vilnius 2007
pp. 187 - 199
Micorhizza helper bacterium Streptomyces Ach 505 induces
differential gene expression in the ectomycorhizzal fungus Amanita
muscaria - Sylvia D. Schrey et al - New Phytologist 2005
pp. 200 - 201
Mannitol in Amanita muscaria - An osmotic blood-brain barrier
disruptor enhancing its Hallucinogenic action? - E. Maciejczyk et al -
Medical Hypothesis 2013
pp. 202 - 216
Berengian origins and cryptic speciation events in the Fly Agaric
( Amanita muscaria ) - J. Geml et al - Molecular Ecology 2006
pp. 217 - 219
Amanita muscaria and Amanita pantherina poisoning: Two syndromes
A. Vendramin et al - Toxicon 2014
pp. 220 - 239
Catching flies with Amanita muscaria : traditional recipes from Slovenia
and their efficacy in the Extraction of ibotenic acid - Mateja Lumpert &
Samo Kreft - Journal of Ethnopharmacolgy 2016
Psychopharmaeologia (Berl.) ,81 1-- 01 )0791(
(cid:14)9 by Springer-Verlag 1970
Original snoitagitsevnI
senimaonoM in the Brain under the Influence
of Muscimol and Ibotenic Acid,
Two Psychoactive Principles of Amanita airacsuM
P. ,NISREB-GINOK P. .G ,R~SAW H. ,NNAMEGNAL
and W. LICItTENSTEIGER
Department of Pharmacology, University of Ziirieh, Switzerland
Received February 25, 1970
Abstract. The concentrations of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin were
measured in the brain of male albino mice and rats after intrapcritoneal injections
of museimol, ibotenic acid or LSD. All three drugs induced a generalized increase of
serotonin. When muscimol was administered to rats after pretreatment with
p-ehlorophenylalanine, a serotonin synthesis inhibitor, the serotonin concentration
was stilI increased in midbrain and hypothalamus. Muscimol also caused a reduced
accumulation of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in rats pretreated with probenecid.
There were differences in the action of the three compounds on the catecholamine
concentration. Muscimol and LSD caused a decrease of the catecholamines. Ibotenic
acid increased the catecholamine concentration. Certain topographical differences
were noted.
The increase in the scrotonin concentration in the hypothalamns and midbrain
after muscimol may be due to a reduced turnover of serotonin. An increase in sero-
tonin concentration and a decrease of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid in the rat brain
are effects observed also with other psychotomimetic drugs such as LSD or psilo-
cybin.
Key-Words: Muscimol, Ibotenie Acid, LSD -- Monoamine Concentrations in
]3rain -- 5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid -- p-Chlorophenylalanine -- Probeneeid --
Turnover of Serotonin.
Introduction
Some hallucinogens such as Lysergid (LSD) habe been found to
cause an increase in serotonin concentration and a decrease in catechol-
amine concentration in the rat brain (Woolley et al., 1954; Freedman,
1961; Rosecrans et al., 1967).
Two years ago, muscimol, ibotenic acid (Fig. 1) and related compounds
were isolated from amanita muscaria (Eugster and Takemoto, 1967).
Waser (1967) reported some pharmacological and psychotomimetic
effects of these two drugs. In mice, their injection produced sympathetic
effects which at least in part may be of central origin. The central control
1 aigolocamrahpohcysP ,).lreB( .loV 81
2 P. KSnig-Bersin, P. .G Waser, H. Langemann, and W. Lichtensteiger:
HN-~HC~I 2
~H--NH 2
H00C
Fig. .1 Molecular structure of muscimol and ibotenic acid. muscimol = 5-amino-
methyl-3-hydroxy-isoxazol, ibotenic acid = r~
acid
of motor activity is also impaired with the development in mice of
ataxia, catalepsy, convulsions and muscle twitches. With higher doses
all treated animals showed sedation.
We investigated the influence of these substances on brain mono-
amines. Measurements of the monoamine concentrations in the whole
brain of mice furnished only general information. More details were
obtained by measuring the concentration changes in different regions
of the rat brains. In order to gain some insight into the turnover of
serotonin, we studied its concentration after administration of a synthe-
sis inhibitor and the concentration of its metabolite, 5-hydroxy-indole-
acetic acid (5-HIAA).
Methods
Animals. Male albino mice (20--25 g body weight) of a random bred
ICl~ COBS (cesarian originated barrier sustMned) strain from Charles
River Mouse Farms, and male albino rats (180--220 g body weight) of a
random bred CF (Carworth Farms) strain were used. The animals were
provided by the Animal Breeding Institute of the Department of Veteri-
nary Medicine, University of Zfirich.
Drugs. The following drugs, dissolved in saline, were administered in
total volumes of 0.1 ml/100 g:
museimol 3 mg/kg i.p.
ibotenic acid 16 mg/kg i.p.
LSD 10 mg/kg i.p.
p-chlorophenylalanine 300 mg/kg i.p.
probenecid 300 mg/kg p.o.
0.9 ~ NaC1 1 ml/kg i.p.
(control animals)
Brain Sectioning. After decapitation the rat brains were quickly
removed and cut just behind the medulla obiongata. The cerebellum,
senimaonoM in Brain under Influence of Muscimol and Ibotenic Acid 3
I I
d P*M ,,
b/ir -
I
I
la
Fig.2. Sagittal section of rat brain (K6nig and Klippel, .)3691 The dotted lines
(a, b, c, d) represent frontal cuttings. BO bnlbus olfactorius; H Y hypothalamns with
median thalamus and medial hippocampus; MI midbrain; P -k M pons and medulla
oblongata; CB cerebellum
i ;
el ~f
Fig.3. Frontal section of rat brain (KSnig and Klippel, 1963). The dotted lines
represent sagRtal cuttings ,e( ]). HI hippocampus; H habenula; ruTH median
thalamus; FMG fasciculus mamillothalamicus; F columna fornicis; I infundibulum;
CAI capsula interna; Cp nucleus caudatus putamen; Am amygdala; To tractus
opticus. .1 "Forebrain" contains cortex, striatum, amygdala and lateral parts of
thalamus. 2. "Hypothalamus" contains hypothalamus, median thalamus and
medial hippocampus
the olfactory bulb and the pineal gland were discarded. Amine deter-
minations were performed in four brain areas: Medulla oblongata -J- pons,
midbrain, hypothalamus -A median thalamus, remaining forebrain. The
position of the various cuts is given in Figs. 2 and 3.
Fluorimetric Determination. Noradrenaline was determined according
to Bertler et al. (1958), dopamine according to Carlsson and Waldeck
(1958) and 5-hydroxytryptamine according to Udenfriend et al. (1958).
1'
4 P. KSnig-Bersin, P. G. Waser, H. Langemann, and W. Lichtensteiger:
Table .1 Monoamine concentrations (ng/g /resh tissue) in the mouse brain two hours
alter the i.p. injection o/16 mg/kg ibotenic acid, 3 mg/kg muscimol or 10 mg/kg LSD
Ibotenic acid Muscimol LSD
(cid:127) (n) 4-S.D. (n) ~=S.D. (n)
NA T 539(cid:127) )5( 4474-44 )3( 2494- 76 )5(
C 4854-55 (a) 4744-47 (a) 2694- 76 )7(
DA T 4264-30 )4( 4324-51 )3( 519(cid:127) )7(
C 3544-37 )4( 3674-34 )3( 6034-100 )7(
p < 0,0025 o~ ~ 0.05
5-HT T 3634-77 (11) 399(cid:127) )8( 3424- 15 (3)
C 3684-81 )8( 3604-91 )6( 3004- 25 )3(
p_< 0.10 p_< 0.05
Abbreviations/or Table 1--4.
S.D. standard deviation
(n) number of experiments each with 4--5 animals
T mean concentration in the test brain tissue
C mean concentration in the control brain tissue
P confidence coefficient
FB forebrain
HY hypothalamus
MI midbrain
P-~ M pens and medulla oblongata.
with slight modifications (H/~ggendal, 1962). We added 0.1 ml of 20/0
ascorbie acid and 0,2 ml of 10~ EDTA to 10 ml aqueous solution.
5-HIAA was estimated fluorimetrieally as described by Roos (1962) and
Sharman and Smith (1962). In the experiments on mice, 4 whole brains
were pooled, whereas in the studies on rats 5 brain sections were used
for one determination. Care was taken to start the experiments always
at the same time of the day. The average recovery of the monoamines
which were added to tissue homogenate and carried through the pro-
cedures ranged between 85 and 95 percent. The values in the tables are
corrected for this recovery.
Statistical Analysis. Differences of the fluorescence intensity between
test and control samples were analysed by means of the F-test and t-test
comparison (Doerffel, 1965). Differences between the means of treated
and control animals are considered to be significant ff the confidence
coefficient is 95~ (p < 0.05) or more.
Results
There is some similarity between the effects of museimol and LSD
on the overall monoamine concentration in the mouse brain (Table 1).
l~onoamines in Brain under Influence of Muscimol and Ibotenic Acid 5
Table 2. Monoamlne concentrations in/our di//erent regions o[ rat brain (ng/g /resh
tissue) two hours after the in~ection o[ ibotenic acid (16 mg/kg ).~1.i
EB H Y MI P + M
(cid:127) (n) (cid:127) (n) iS.D. (n) +S.D. (n)
AN~ T 1954- 84 )4( 7524-306 )4( 10564-428 )4( 513-4-179 )4(
C 229+102 )8( 531+237 )6( 542+161 )7( 404+110 )6(
p< 0.10 p_< 0.01
I)A T 3664- 77 )4( 7684-209 )4( 4654- 43 )4( 3904-245 )4(
G 384(cid:127) 86 )5( 5744-146 )5( 3984-141 )6( 1774- 30 )5(
p_< 0.10 p< 0.05
5-HT T 2944- 68 )5( 721(cid:127) 82 )5( 804(cid:127) 47 )4( 4544- 87 )5(
C 2594- 70 )7( 612(cid:127) )9( 6854-101 )9( 4134- 83 )9(
p_< 0.05 p~< 0.025 p_< 0.10
Table 3. Monoamine concentrations in/our di//erent regions o/ rat brain (ng/g /resh
tissue) two hours alter the injection o/ muscimol (3 mg/kg i.p.)
FB H Y MI P + M
4-S.D. (n) 4-S.D. (n) 4-S.D. )n( 4-S.D. (n)
NA T 2004- 49 )5( 6454-250 )5( 3924-205 )5( 3894-122 )5(
C 2414- 44 )4( 7654-315 )5( 4304- 18 )5( 5544-103 )5(
p ~ 0.05
DA T 5484-209 )5( 9614-234 )4( 5524-389 )5( 393=[=104 )4(
C 8094-179 )5( 1245-4-339 )4( 7724-334 )4( 3264-106 )4(
p~< 0.05
5-HT T 3564- 85 )5( 8194-321 )4( 8084-128(5) 5604-196 )5(
C 275+ 43 )6( 670+248 )4( 706+119 )5( 464+139 )5(
p_< 0.05
The serotonin concentration increased and the noradrenMine concentra-
tion decreased. However the dopamine concentration increased after
muscimol ill contrast to a decrease after LSD.
After ibotenie acid an increase was observed in noradrenMine and
dopamine concentrations in the mouse brain, whereas the serotonin
concentration did not change. The relatively small changes in mono-
amine concentration in the mouse brain could originate from large chan-
ges in small brain areas. Therefore, the influence of mnscimol, ibotenie
acid and LSD was investigated in four different regions of the rat brain
(Tables 2 and 3).
Following the injection of ibotenic acid the noradrenaline content
was markedly increased in the hypothalamus, midbrain and pons
6 P. KSnig-Bersin, P. G. Waser, H. Langemann, and W. Lichtensteiger:
gn g/TH-5 tomics~ um+APC-p
e~_F t A>FC-p
lOl =
(cid:12)9 ~.L "~
0 I I ;
BY
001
0 I I ! i
~M
tO0
0 I I I
P,M
100
I I
Fig.4. Serotoain concentration in rat brain one, two, four and six hours after injec-
tion of muscimol 3( mg/kg i.p.). The animals were pretreated with p-chlorophenyl-
alanine (300 mg/kg i.p.) 84 hours before the muscimol injection. FB forebrain;
MI midbrain; HY hypothalamus; P + M pons and medulla oblongata
~- medulla oblongata (Table 2). The dopamlne concentration was in-
creased in the hypothalamus and pons -~ medulla oblongata, and showed
a tendency to rise in the midbrain and to fall in the forebrain. Serotonin
concentrations increased especially in hypothalamus and midbrain.
After the injection of muscimo] the noradrenaline concentration was
markedly lowered in pons and medulla ohlongata (Table 3), and a similar
tendency was found in all other regions. Dopamine decreased markedly
in the forebrain. A slight decrease was also observed in the hypothalamus
and midbrain, with an increase in pons and medulla oblongata. Serotonin
levels were distinctly increased in all parts, but the change was only
significant in the forebrain.
The generalized increase of serotonin induced by muscimol, iboterdc
acid was well as by LSD suggested further investigations. 48 hours after
administration of p-chlorophenylalanine, which inhibits the 5-I~T syn-