Seismic Risk Assessment and Retrofitting: With Special Emphasis on Existing Low Rise Structures

499 Pages·2009·17.74 MB·English

by  Mehmet Çelebi (auth.)

SEISMIC RISK ASSESSMENT AND
RETROFITTING
GEOTECHNICAL, GEOLOGICAL AND EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
Volume10
SeriesEditor
AtillaAnsal,KandilliObservatoryandEarthquakeResearchInstitute,
Bog˘aziçiUniversity,Istanbul,Turkey
EditorialAdvisoryBoard
JulianBommer,ImperialCollegeLondon,U.K.
JonathanD.Bray,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,U.S.A.
KyriazisPitilakis,AristotleUniversityofThessaloniki,Greece
SusumuYasuda,TokyoDenkiUniversity,Japan
Forfurthertitlespublishedinthisseries,goto:
http://www.springer.com/series/6011
Seismic Risk Assessment
and Retrofitting
With Special Emphasis on Existing
Low-Rise Structures
editedby
ALPER ILKI
Istanbul TechnicalUniversity,Turkey
FARUK KARADOGAN
Istanbul TechnicalUniversity,Turkey
SUMRU PALA
Istanbul TechnicalUniversity,Turkey
and
ERCAN YUKSEL
Istanbul TechnicalUniversity,Turkey
123
Editors
AlperIlki FarukKaradogan
IstanbulTechnicalUniversity IstanbulTechnicalUniversity
MaslakCampus MaslakCampus
FacultyCivilEngineering FacultyCivilEngineering
34469Istanbul 34469Istanbul
Turkey Turkey
[email protected] [email protected]
SumruPala ErcanYuksel
IstanbulTechnicalUniversity IstanbulTechnicalUniversity
MaslakCampus MaslakCampus
FacultyCivilEngineering FacultyCivilEngineering
34469Istanbul 34469Istanbul
Turkey Turkey
[email protected] [email protected]
“Everyefforthasbeenmadetocontactthecopyrightholdersofthefiguresandtableswhich
have been reproduced from other sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is
requestedtocontactthepublishers,sothatdueacknowledgementmaybemadeinsubsequent
editions.”
ISSN1573-6059
ISBN978-90-481-2680-4 e-ISBN978-90-481-2681-1
DOI10.1007/978-90-481-2681-1
SpringerDordrechtHeidelbergLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009927328
©SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009
AllrightsreservedforChapter1.
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmittedinanyformorby
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Foreword
Thisvolumeprovidesinsightintomanyimportantaspectsofearthquakeriskassess-
mentandmitigation,withafocusontheconditionsexistinginIstanbulandwithan
emphasis on prevention of collapse of existing low-rise buildings. The large col-
lapse potential of Istanbul’s low- and mid-rise buildings in case of earthquake is
welldocumentedandisacknowledgedtobeamajorthreattothewell-beingofthis
great metropolis. The need exists to identify the most vulnerable buildings and to
developsimplemeansandprescriptiverulesforseismicupgradingofthevulnerable
buildingstock.
Many of the vulnerable buildings have relatively poorly constructed concrete
framing,whichinpartorfullyisinfilledwithhollowclayorsolidbricks.Configu-
rationsareoftenirregular,andthequalityofconstructionisveryvariable.Inmany
casesitisnotclearhowinertiaforcesfindtheirwaytoreinforcedconcreteframing
and how the forces and moments are transferred into the soil. These problems are
commontomanyurbanareas,worldwide,andhavebecomethesubjectofresearch
inmanycountries.Theinternationalworkshop,whichresultedinthepublicationsof
thisvolume,providedanexcellentopportunitytobringtogetherleadingexpertsto
assessandcommunicatethestateofknowledgeinriskassessmentandmitigation,
andequallyimportant,todeliverastrongmessagetothosewhoareempoweredto
make decisions that affect implementation of risk mitigation measures. From the
writer’s perspective, here are the major messages delivered through the workshop
discussions.
• Preventionofcollapseofbuildingsandotherstructuresinamajorearthquakeis
acriticalissueforthefutureofIstanbul.
• The question is not if but when will a major earthquake hit Istanbul with full
force.
• Manyofbuildings(andotherstructures)inIstanbulareofinadequateresistance
andwillcollapseinamajorearthquake–unlessactionsaretakentomitigatethe
riskofcollapse.
• Timeisacriticalfactorbecauseeverydaywithoutactionisadaylostintheeffort
topreventcollapsesandsavelives.
• Thetimefactor(andeconomicconsiderations)willmakeitnecessarytodevelop
simpleandprescriptiveretrofitproceduresthatcanbeimplementedquicklyand
v
vi Foreword
effectivelyforalargeportionofthebuildingstockthatisbeingjudgedtoconsti-
tuteaseverecollapsehazard.
• An initial effort is needed to identify buildings that constitute a severe collapse
hazard. Simple and prescriptive rules are needed that can be implemented in a
short(walk-through)inspectiontoassesstheneedforretrofittingandtorecom-
mendthetypeofretrofitthatismosteffectivetoreducethecollapsehazard.
• For the most common type of building structures, which has poorly reinforced
concreteframingastheprimaryshearresistingsystem,theadditionofwellcon-
finedinfillwalls(withvariousstrengtheningtechniquesasappropriate),andcon-
finementofconcreteframingwithfiberreinforcedpolymerwrappingarejudged
tobeeffectiveretrofittechniques.
• Research needs to be continued in order provide a comprehensive knowledge
baseonwhichtobasetheassessmentandretrofitactionsneededtoaddresscol-
lapse prevention. This research requires international collaboration and funding
inviewofthefactthatmanymajorurbanareasfaceproblemssimilartothoseof
Istanbul.
• An urgent need exists to translate research information into practical rules that
canbeimplementedinaneffectivemanner.Thisrequiresthoroughsynthesisof
availableinformationandanunderstandingoflocaldesignandconstructionprac-
tices.Thisneedcanbefulfilledbycreating,assoonaspossible,asmallgroupof
leadingresearchersandpracticingengineerswhogetchargedwiththedevelop-
mentoftheserulesandcanallocatesufficienttimetothiseffort.
Onlytimewilltellwhetherthisvolume,andtheworkshopfromwhichitresulted,
willhaveanyeffectonseismicsafetyinIstanbul.
We should be thankful to Professor Faruk Karadogan who initiated and guided
theinternationalworkshopandthepublicationofthisvolume,andtotheorganizing
committeewhoveryablyorganizedallaspectsoftheworkshopandpublication.
Stanford,CA HelmutKrawinkler
JohnA.BlumeProfessorEmeritusofEngineering
Preface
The International Workshop on Measures for the Prevention of Total Collapse
of Existing Low-Rise Structures offered an opportunity to bring together leading
authorities in the field of earthquake engineering from all over world to discuss
not only the technically urgent world wide important problems of big cities full
ofvulnerablebuildingsbutalsotoconvincetheadministratorsandincreasepublic
awareness.
Helmut Krawinkler from the John Blume Earthquake Engineering Research
Center,Stanford,said:
Time is a critical factor; every day without action is a day lost in the effort to prevent
collapsesandsavelives.
Therearealwaysurgent issuesintheagendas ofdeveloping countries whichpush
back the retrofitting problems of thousands of existing structures with inadequate
resistanceagainstearthquakes.Becauseofcompetingprioritiesandeconomiccon-
straintsdisregardofthisdifficultproblembecomesanattractivealternativefordeci-
sionmakersatalllevelsofresponsibility.
JimJirsafromUniversityofTexasatAustinthinksthat:
Inacountrywheretherearesomanybuildingswithsimilardetails,in-situtestingoffersthe
possibilityofmeetinganumberofobjectivesofthisworkshop.Fieldtestscouldbeusedto
stimulateinterestinengineeringcommunityandimprovepublicawarenessoftheproblem
andofferopportunitiesforcollaborationamongresearchgroupsandacademicprograms
withothergroupsinseismicregionsaroundtheworld.
Craig Comartin from San Francisco, an expert in retrofitting techniques and
consultingengineersays:
Unsafehousingisaworldwideproblem.Weintheearthquakecommunityhavearespon-
sibilitytoidentifytheseproblemsanddevelopeffectivemeansofreducingrisk.Wewill
increaseourcredibilityandimpactifweworktogetherinaninternationaleffort.Weshould
focusonwhatweknowrightnowtotakeimmediateactionforcollapseprevention.
Yoshiaki Nakano from Tokyo University gives credit to public awareness and
continuationofresearchanddevelopmentsays:
The education of media through providing correct information and knowledge on a sci-
entific and engineering basis is significantly essential. Providing school children with
vii
viii Preface
opportunitiestoidentifyproblemsandtoseektheirsolutionswiththeirparentscouldhelp
raisetheawareness.
PaoloNegrofromELSALaboratoriessays:
Ingeneral,strengtheningofexistinginfillwallsisaneffectiveandviablewaytoimprove
the seismic safety against collapse of existing deficient reinforced concrete frames, also
consideringtheneedtoreducedisturbanceordisruptionofoccupancy.Simpleguidelines
forseismicupgradingofexistingbuildingshouldbedeveloped.Theseshouldrepresenta
safeandfeasibleoption;howevertheyshouldnotlimittheadoptionofdifferentormore
sophisticated approaches. The problem of the seismic safety of Istanbul is not different
fromthatofmanyothersouthEuropeancities.Acommonsolutiontotheproblemshould
besoughtandinternationalcooperationarounditshouldbecontinued.
Theotherexpertsandleadingresearchersintheirownfieldsofinterestsuchas
A. Ansal, M. Celebi, R. Sofronie, E. Mola, S. Tezcan, Z. Celep, G. Toniolo, G.
Chavez-Lopez,S.Pampanin,K.Kusunoki,K.Mosalam,P.Labossiere,G.Ozcebe,
M.Bas,H.Toutanji,O.Buyukozturk,U.Ersoy,T.Tankut,M.Fardis,andH.Darama
all had exceptional contributions for the success of this workshop presenting their
articlesandparticipatinginvaluablediscussions.
All in all, this book intends to put together recent experimental and theoreti-
cal findings to come up with a complementary body of work for those interested
in the prevention of the total collapse of millions of vulnerable low-cost, low-rise
buildingsinearthquakeproneareas.Thedangerofcollapseisespeciallyvisiblein
developing countries where sophisticated building codes are not followed because
ofnon-scientificreasons.
It is clear that new manners should definitely be developed to make the people
understand this serious problem. Local authorities and administrators must imple-
mentthefindings.Otherwisethecommunitiessufferingfromearthquakeswillnever
getthechancetobenefitfromthisresearch.
Themanuscriptsthatarepartinthispublicationarebasednotonlyonthetalks
ofparticipantsbutalsoonthediscussionsandonfeedbackfromthereviewers.Par-
tial expansion of the papers presented at the workshop has been accepted by the
editorsforthesakeofcompleteness.Thereforesomeoftherelativelyshortpresen-
tationshavebecomechapters.Selection,reviewandexpansionofthepresentations
contributedtothispublicationwhichcanbetterbeconsideredasabookratherthan
a paper collection. Taking this opportunity, the editors would like to express their
deepestappreciationtotheexceptionalresearcherswhoassistedinthisprocess.
Istanbul,Turkey FarukKaradogan
OnBehalfoftheEditors
Contents
1 SeismicMonitoringtoAssessPerformanceofStructuresin
Near-RealTime:RecentProgress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
MehmetÇelebi
2 DanceforModernTimes:Insurance,EconomicStability
andBuildingStrength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
GabrielaChávez-López
3 ACriticalReviewofCurrentAssessmentProcedures . . . . . . . . 39
ElenaMolaandPaoloNegro
4 Risk Management and a Rapid Scoring Technique for
CollapseVulnerabilityofRCBuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
SemihS.Tezcan,IhsanEnginBal,andFatmaGultenGulay
5 TheImportanceofPlan-WiseIrregularity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
PaoloNegroandElenaMola
6 Advanced Composite Materials and Steel Retrofitting
Techniques for Seismic Strengthening of Low-Rise
Structures:Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
HoussamToutanji,HolleyBritton,andM.Han
7 A Novel Structural Assessment Technique to Prevent
DamagedFRP-WrappedConcreteBridgePiersfromCollapse . . 127
OralBuyukozturkandTzu-YangYu
8 StrengtheningofLow-RiseConcreteBuildings:
ApplicationsAfterDinar(1995)andAdana-Ceyhan(1998)
Earthquakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
ZekaiCelep
9 RehabilitationofPrecastIndustrialBuildingsusingCables
toDevelopDiaphragmAction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
RenjunWang,JamesO.Jirsa,andSharonL.Wood
ix
x Contents
10 Vulnerability Evaluation and Retrofitting of Existing
BuildingHeritage:anItalianResearchProgramme . . . . . . . . . 189
GiandomenicoToniolo
11 Soft-LandingBase-IsolationSystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
KoichiKusunokiandMasaomiTeshigawara
12 DevelopmentofaNewPrecastConcretePanelWallSystem
IncorporatedwithEnergyDissipativeDowelConnectors . . . . . . 237
HuseyinDaramaandHitoshiShiohara
13 Alternative Performance-Based Retrofit Strategies
andSolutionsforExistingRC Buildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
StefanoPampanin
14 FRPWrappingofRCStructuresSubmittedtoSeismicLoads . . . 297
NathalieRoy,PierreLabossière,JeanProulx,ÉricSt-Georges,
andPatrickPaultre
15 UpgradingofResistanceandCyclicDeformationCapacity
ofDeficientConcreteColumns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
DionysisBiskinisandMichaelN.Fardis
16 SupplementalVerticalSupportasaMeansforSeismic
RetrofitofBuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
CraigD.Comartin
17 HowtoPredicttheProbabilityofCollapseofNon-Ductile
BuildingStructures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
HelmutKrawinklerandDimitriosG.Lignos
18 StrengtheningofBrickInfilledReinforcedConcrete(RC)
FrameswithCarbonFiberReinforcedPolymers(CFRP)Sheets . . 367
EmreAkin,GuneyOzcebe,andUgurErsoy
19 Improved Infill Walls and Rehabilitation of Existing
Low-RiseBuildings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387
FarukKaradogan,SumruPala,AlperIlki,ErcanYuksel,
WaielMowrtage,PinarTeymur,GulserenErol,KivancTaskin,
andRasitComlek
20 HowtoSimulateColumnCollapseandRemovalinAs-built
andRetrofittedBuildingStructures? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
MohamedM.TalaatandKhalidM.Mosalam
ColorPlates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481