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Contents
Abouttheauthor ix
Preface xi
1. Understanding the basic conceptsin seismic rehabilitation 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Whatisseismicrehabilitation? 2
1.3 Varioustypesofbuildingsandtheirconstituentelements 12
1.4 Mainindicatorsandcriteriaforseismicrehabilitation 39
1.5 Identificationofsitespecificationstoinvestigatethreats
duringseismicrehabilitation 54
References 62
Chapterattheglance 63
2. Seismic rehabilitation steps andpracticalmethods in
seismic rehabilitationof existing buildings 65
2.1 Seismicrehabilitationstudieswithappliedapproach 65
2.2 Howtodeterminethestrengthofmaterialsavailableinexistingbuildings 75
2.3 Methodsofdeterminingthevulnerabilityofexistingbuildings 125
2.4 Methodologyfordevelopingseismicrehabilitationstrategies 185
References 191
Furtherreading 191
Chapterattheglance 192
3. Types of existing buildings: detailed introduction
andseismic rehabilitation 193
Masonry structure buildings
3.1.1 Introducingtypesofmasonrybuildings 193
3.1.2 Understandingpotentialstructuraldamage 196
3.1.3 Rapidvulnerabilityassessment 202
3.1.4 Comprehensiveassessmentofvulnerabilitiesinmasonry
buildingsforreporting 203
3.1.5 Generalitiesformasonryinfillwallinframessuchasconcrete
orsteelframe 232
3.1.6 Commonmethodsofseismicrehabilitationofmasonrybuilding 261
3.1.7 Tworealcasestudyexamples 268
References 298
v
vi Contents
FurtherReading 299
Masonrystructurebuildingseismicrehabilitationataglance 300
Concrete structure frame buildings
3.2.1 Typesofconcretestructurebuildings 301
3.2.2 Understandingpotentialstructuraldamage 304
3.2.3 Rapidvulnerabilityassessment 306
3.2.4 Comprehensiveassessmentofvulnerabilities 308
3.2.5 Commonseismicrehabilitationtechniques,detailsofimprovingof
concretestructures 354
3.2.6 Tworealcasestudyexamples 368
References 435
Furtherreading 435
Concretestructurebuildingseismicrehabilitationataglance 436
Steel structure frame buildings
3.3.1 Typesofsteelstructureframebuildings 437
3.3.2 Understandingpotentialstructuraldamage 440
3.3.3 Rapidvulnerabilityassessment 442
3.3.4 Comprehensiveassessmentofvulnerabilitiesforexistingbuilding
withsteelstructure 442
3.3.5 Commonseismicrehabilitationtechniques 485
3.3.6 Tworealcasestudyexample 508
References 552
Furtherreading 552
Steelstructurebuildingseismicrehabilitationataglance 553
4. Nonstructural components: detailed introduction of its
types and methodsof seismic rehabilitation 555
4.1 Typesofnonstructuralcomponents 555
4.2 Understandingpotentialdamage 557
4.3 Rapidvulnerabilityassessmentmethodsfornonstructuralcomponents 560
4.4 Comprehensiveassessmentofvulnerabilitiesmethodsforanalyzing
nonstructuralcomponent 573
4.5 Detailsofacceptancecriteriafornonstructuralbasedon
seismicrehabilitationobjective 578
4.6 Commonmethodsforseismicrehabilitationandreducingdangerof
nonstructuralcomponents 584
A.1 Casestudyexamples 586
References 591
Chapterattheglance 592
Contents vii
5. Site pathology andseismic rehabilitation methods 593
5.1 Introductiontositeeffectivityinbuildingperformancelevels 593
5.2 Understandingthepotentialdamageofsitetreatment 598
5.3 Onemethodofrapidvulnerabilityforsoil-bearingcapacity 601
5.4 Comprehensiveassessmentofvulnerabilitiesfordefining
soil-bearingcapacity 604
5.5 Seismicrehabilitationmethodsforsoilofsite 604
5.6 Practicalexampleofsiteseismicrehabilitationandidentifypotential
damage 624
Reference 635
FurtherReading 635
Chapterattheglance 636
6. Seismic rehabilitation: infographics 637
Index 647
About the author
Reza Mokarram Aydenlou has been approved as a professional member
of the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and the Association
of German Engineers (VDI). He is also as a mentor in ASCE collaborate.
He has been trained as a professional seismic rehabilitation engineer by
the Faculty of International Institute of Earth Quake Engineering and
Society. After his 15 years stint in consulting as a professional designer in
reputable companies and seismic rehabilitation engineer in famous projects
such as high-rise building, bridge, and nonstructure, his keen interest in
training young and interested engineers led him author several specialized
books in this field. He has also collaborated with prestigious universities
such as Khajeh Nasir Toosi and Sharif University of Technology, the
Natural Disasters Research Institute, and the International Institute of
Earth Quake Engineering and Society in carrying out rehabilitation pro-
jects. He is keen on developing seismic science and share his knowledge
with disadvantaged areas. In his books, he has tried to introduce the
reader to the topics in depth so that the content is kept in the reader’s
mind for a long time.
Affiliations and Expertise
ASCE, VDI, Tehran, Iran
ix
Preface
Earthquake as a natural event has so far created irreparable damages due
to our inadequate understanding of its effects. This lack of recognition
leads to this natural phenomenon being recognized as an unexpected
event. In this regard, we can prevent damages by knowing certain para-
meters and taking effective measures. Even though we may not be able to
accurately determine the time and place of an earthquake, we can able to
prevent irreparable damages by identifying parameters such as the type
and condition of the site and the history of earthquakes in a given area as
well as building safe structures against possible earthquakes. Therefore the
knowledge of performance upgrading for existing structures to the
expected performance level against selective earthquakes can be applied,
which is called structural seismic rehabilitation science.
Today, the development of seismic rehabilitation as an engineering sci-
ence in structural design is fully evident in the development of bylaws and
their discussions. The major difficulty is to understand how concepts are
applied and touching themes when faced with a retrofit project. Seismic
rehabilitation of existing buildings seeks to enhance the performance levels
of all the constituent elements of a building, including structural, non-
structural components, and site conditions to the expected best perfor-
mance. Therefore it is important to have a deep understanding of the
basic concepts and development of a project by creating a customizable
and generalizable pattern in the user's mind.
For us, the question may arise that whether or not we will be able to
say that the same our seismic rehabilitation knowledge is increased in case
we increase the technical knowledge of the design of the structure.
It should be noted that although in today's engineering community it
is true that designers are very talented, they are not mostly as successful as
seismic rehabilitation engineers are with their knowledge of structure
design. The answer is that we may have realized that creating an item
such as a device, car, or a structure is much easier than improving or elim-
inating its disadvantages. Enhancement and providing solutions require a
deep understanding and comprehensive modeling of the subject in an
engineer's mind. Therefore seismic rehabilitation engineering can be
regarded as an independent knowledge of structure design. A seismic
rehabilitation engineer should be aware of all the issues surrounding the
xi
xii Preface
performance of an existing building. A seismic improvement engineer
should be able to comprehend simulations (computer modeling) with a
comprehensive understanding of the performance concepts of an existing
building and ultimately increase the performance level of the existing
building in a correct and practical manner. In this regard, it can be seen
that engineering sciences in the field of seismic rehabilitation are undergo-
ing changes and updates.
The idea to write this book sparkled when I started working as a pro-
fessional structure designer. About 15 years ago, I was given a project by
an employer to seismically rehabilitate five schools after a severe earth-
quake in Bam. I was always very confident in the design of the structure
and took strong steps. As I faced these projects, I realized that my respon-
sibilities had become heavier, because I needed to take a deeper, more
functional look at the subject. These types of projects are like a patient
without any symptoms, but with a closer look and tests, they are diag-
nosed with a disease, then an appropriate treatment must be provided.
There was no problem with the appearance and in operation of the build-
ings. However, I had to thoroughly review the buildings, identify the
hidden problems accurately, and then use seismic rehabilitation, reinforce-
ment, and upgrading. I had a very difficult task to do. To me, this was a
fascinating subject in the field of civil engineering and led me into a new
phase of my professional life. I did a lot of research, got professional train-
ing with leading professors at the International Institute of Seismology in
Iran, and did extensive research and became increasingly involved in new
and more sophisticated projects, including educational, medical, high-rise
buildings, bridges, and structures of railways. At that time, I learned how
to apply seismic rehabilitation codes effectively, how to accurately simu-
late structures so as to identify the correct defects in a building and, and
finally, how to provide an executive solution for seismic rehabilitation.
After 7 years of research and endeavor with the encouragement of my dis-
tinguished professors, I decided to share what I had learned in a three-
volume book by one of Iran’s largest and most prominent engineering
publications, Civil Engineering Publications, in a simple and practical way. I
have always believed that early driving may be possible for everyone, but
anyone can take part in a rally race where they feel their car is in their
minds and the car is part of their body. I decided to write another book
with a more thorough understanding of the algorithm, modeled on the
mind of the reader, with the motto “Becoming a seismic rehabilitation
engineer.” In this case, buildings are evaluated and act as a part of our
Preface xiii
body in our minds. As a result, my viewpoint eventually became the
book you now have in your hand: Seismic Rehabilitation Methods for
Existing Buildings.
In this book, I have tried to introduce the interested audience in-
depth to the basic applied topics that describe reputable journals such as
FEMA 356 and to engineer their minds to do a new project so that they
are able to draw a building in their minds before making any decision and
to simulate some potential disadvantages. My goal in the first edition of this
book is not to engage readers with numerical calculations and mathematical
fundamentals, but to encourage readers to have a deep understanding of the
origins of seismic rehabilitation in mind. I thought about it a lot and finally
decided to present it to my audience in three main parts.
First part: Introduction to basic concepts in seismic science deeply and
precisely to the reader.
Second part: Introduction to computer software simulation, pathology,
and finally seismic rehabilitation types of structures: for base and soil align-
ment, for structural and nonstructural components, along with several
practical application examples, I tried, regardless of numerical calculations,
to identify and develop the way the reader deals with a project in mind.
Third part: Using the right infographics to speed up remembering and
reminding topics.
In all parts of the book, I have wholeheartedly tried to create a mod-
ern way of using diagrams, illustrations, and themes. Finally, I hope to be
able to transfer much of what I have in my mind to the reader in the first
edition of my book, and try to add further new topics in subsequent
editions.
I have to say special thanks to my distinguished professors, Abdulreza
Sarvgad Moghaddam and Behrokh Hosseini Hashemi, who have been my
main motivation for writing this book. I would also like to thank my dear
colleague Dr. Mehdi Davoodnabi for helping me in the evaluation of the
examples in this book. Special thanks to my dear wife, Parisa Abdullah
Zadeh, who has always been the most influential motivator for me and
patiently supported me and is an exemplary mother to our children.
I thank my mother for teaching me how to teach others what I have
learned. I look forward to hearing from the respected readers for complet-
ing and editing the next edition of this book.
Reza Mokarram Aydenlou
CHAPTERONE
Understanding the basic
concepts in seismic rehabilitation
Aims
By reading this chapter, you are introduced to:
(cid:129) basicconceptsofseismicrehabilitation;
(cid:129) buildingcomponentssuchasmainstructure,foundation,androoftypes;
(cid:129) typesofperformancelevelandearthquakehazardlevel;
(cid:129) partoftheseismicrehabilitationconceptsyouneedtodoaprojecteffectively;
(cid:129) sitehazardsoftheprojectduringanearthquake;
(cid:129) seismicrehabilitationtarget;and
(cid:129) historyofcompilationofseismicregulations.
1.1 Introduction
The increasing development of civil engineering sciences and the
evolution of seismic codes have led engineers to gain a deep understand-
ing of the design of buildings against structural damage and potential
hazards. Every day, we have news of earthquakes in different parts of the
world, which have led to many deaths and financial losses. Therefore in
many countries around the world, organizations have been trying to orga-
nize seismic rehabilitation operations prior to the earthquake. In the
meantime, construction engineers in the current trends are trying to access
available resources to perform seismic rehabilitation operations on existing
structures using common patterns. Therefore it is very important for engi-
neers to develop a comprehensive framework to deal with seismic rehabil-
itation projects. A deep understanding of the seismic rehabilitation process
on the one hand and how an engineer can deal with a seismic rehabilita-
tion project can be the most influential part in guiding and completing a
seismic rehabilitation project. This section attempts to introduce the
reader with the most influential points by preparing a model of the mind
of the reader in this chapter and Chapter 2, What Is the Seismic
Rehabilitation? Introduction Practical Method for Seismic Rehabilitation
SeismicRehabilitationMethodsforExistingBuildings. ©2020ElsevierInc.
1
DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819959-6.00001-4 Allrightsreserved.
