Seedling Production and Field Performance of Seedlings

194 Pages·2019·23.304 MB·English

by  Johanna Riikonen (editor), Jaana Luoranen (editor)

Seedling Production
and Field
Performance of
Seedlings
Edited by
Johanna Riikonen and Jaana Luoranen
Printed Edition of the Special Issue Published in Forests
www.mdpi.com/journal/forests
Seedling Production and Field
Performance of Seedlings

Seedling Production and Field
Performance of Seedlings
SpecialIssueEditors
JohannaRiikonen
JaanaLuoranen
MDPI•Basel•Beijing•Wuhan•Barcelona•Belgrade
SpecialIssueEditors
JohannaRiikonen JaanaLuoranen
NaturalResourcesInstituteFinland, NaturalResourcesInstituteFinland,
Finland Finland
EditorialOffice
MDPI
St.Alban-Anlage66
4052Basel,Switzerland
ThisisareprintofarticlesfromtheSpecialIssuepublishedonlineintheopenaccessjournalForests
(ISSN1999-4907)from2017to2018(availableat: https://www.mdpi.com/journal/forests/special
issues/seedling)
Forcitationpurposes,citeeacharticleindependentlyasindicatedonthearticlepageonlineandas
indicatedbelow:
LastName,A.A.; LastName,B.B.; LastName,C.C.ArticleTitle. JournalNameYear,ArticleNumber,
PageRange.
ISBN978-3-03921-255-2(Pbk)
ISBN978-3-03921-256-9(PDF)
CoverimagecourtesyofJaanaLuoranen.
(cid:2)c 2019bytheauthors. ArticlesinthisbookareOpenAccessanddistributedundertheCreative
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Contents
AbouttheSpecialIssueEditors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii
JohannaRiikonenandJaanaLuoranen
SeedlingProductionandtheFieldPerformanceofSeedlings
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,740,doi:10.3390/f9120740. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
GeoffreyBell,KentonL.Sena,ChristopherD.BartonandMichaelFrench
Establishing Pine Monocultures and Mixed Pine-Hardwood Stands on Reclaimed Surface
MinedLandinEasternKentucky:ImplicationsforForestResilienceinaChangingClimate
Reprintedfrom:Forests2017,8,375,doi:10.3390/f8100375. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
MarconeMoreiraSantos, EduardoEuclydesdeLimaeBorges, GlaucianadaMataAtaı´de
andGenainaAparecidadeSouza
GerminationofSeedsofMelanoxylonbraunaSchott. underHeatStress:ProductionofReactive
OxygenSpeciesandAntioxidantActivity
Reprintedfrom:Forests2017,8,405,doi:10.3390/f8110405. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Kristine Vander Mijnsbrugge, Arion Turcsa´n, Jorne Maes, Nils Ducheˆne, Steven Meeus,
BeatrijsVanderAa,KathySteppeandMarijkeSteenackers
Taxon-Independent and Taxon-Dependent Responses to Drought in Seedlings from Quercus
roburL.,Q.petraea(Matt.)Liebl.andTheirMorphologicalIntermediates
Reprintedfrom:Forests2017,8,407,doi:10.3390/f8110407. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
ZdzisławKaliniewiczandPawełTylek
InfluenceofScarificationontheGerminationCapacityofAcornsHarvestedfromUneven-Aged
StandsofPedunculateOak(QuercusroburL.)
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,100,doi:10.3390/f9030100. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Zachary J. Hackworth, John M. Lhotka, John J. Cox, Christopher D. Barton and
Matthew T. Springer
First-Year Vitality of Reforestation Plantings in Response to Herbivore Exclusion on Reclaimed
Appalachian Surface-Mined Land
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,222,doi:10.3390/f9040222. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
JeremiahR.Pinto,BridgetA.McNassar,OlgaA.KildishevaandAnthonyS.Davis
StocktypeandVegetativeCompetitionInfluencesonPseudotsugamenziesiiandLarixoccidentalis
SeedlingEstablishment
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,228,doi:10.3390/f9050228. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
R. Kasten Dumroese, Jeremiah R. Pinto, Juha Heiskanen, Arja Tervahauta,
Katherine G. McBurney, Deborah S. Page-Dumroese and Karl Englund
Biochar Can Be a Suitable Replacement for Sphagnum Peat in Nursery Production of
Pinus ponderosa Seedlings
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,232,doi:10.3390/f9050232. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
StevenC.GrossnickleandJoanneE.MacDonald
SeedlingQuality:History,Application,andPlantAttributes
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,283,doi:10.3390/f9050283. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
v
MikkoTikkinen,SailaVarisandTuijaAronen
Development of Somatic Embryo Maturation and Growing Techniques of Norway Spruce
EmblingstowardsLarge-ScaleFieldTesting
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,325,doi:10.3390/f9060325. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Cornelia C. Pinchot, Thomas J. Hall, Arnold M. Saxton, Scott E. Schlarbaum and
James K. Bailey
Effects of Seedling Quality and Family on Performance of Northern Red Oak Seedlings
on a Xeric Upland Site
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,351,doi:10.3390/f9060351. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
BackTomasErsson,TiinaLaineandTimoSaksa
Mechanized Tree Planting in Sweden and Finland: Current State and Key Factors for
FutureGrowth
Reprintedfrom:Forests2018,9,370,doi:10.3390/f9070370. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
vi
About the Special Issue Editors
Johanna Riikonen (Dr) is a senior scientist at the Natural Resources Institute Finland, and is
specializedinplantphysiologyandseedlingproductionofforesttreespecies.
JaanaLuoranen(Dr)Seniorscientistinthefieldofforestregenerationandproductionofforesttree
seedlingsince1995.
vii

Editorial
Seedling Production and the Field Performance
of Seedlings
JohannaRiikonen1,*andJaanaLuoranen2
1 NaturalResourcesInstituteFinland(Luke),70200Kuopio,Finland
2 NaturalResourcesInstituteFinland(Luke),77600Suonenjoki,Finland;jaana.luoranen@luke.fi
* Correspondence:Johanna.riikonen@luke.fi
Received:19November2018;Accepted:20November2018;Published:27November2018
Abstract: Therapidestablishmentofseedlingsinforestregenerationorafforestationsitesafter
plantingisaprerequisiteforsuccessfulreforestation. Therelationshipbetweenthequalityofthe
seedlingmaterialandtheirgrowthandsurvivalafteroutplantinghasbeenrecognizedfordecades.
Despitetheexistenceofasubstantialamountofinformationonhowtoproducehigh-qualityseedlings,
thereisstillaneedtodeveloppracticesthatcanbeusedinnurseriesandatplantingsitestobeable
toproducewell-growingforeststandsinever-changingenvironments.ThisSpecialIssueofForestsis
focusedonseedlingqualityandhowitcanbemanipulatedinanurseryaswellashowthequalityof
theseedlingsaffectstheirfieldperformanceafterplanting.
Keywords:culturalpractice;fieldperformance;nurseryproduction;seedlingquality;treeseedling
1.UseofHighQualitySeedlingsIstheBasisforTreePlantingSuccess
Seedlingsurvivalafteroutplantingisacomplexprocesswhichcanbeaffectedbymanynursery
andsilviculturalpractices.Thefactorscontributingtoseedlingqualityhavebeencomprehensively
reviewedbyLandisetal.[1]andGrossnickleandMacDonald[2].Seedlingqualitycanbeassessed
bymeasuringseveralmorphological,physiologicalandperformanceattributes,thelatterintegrating
themorphologicalandphysiologicalattributes. However,intheend,thelimitingfactorsonthe
outplantingsitedeterminethemostdesirablemorphologicalandphysiologicalseedlingattributes
forimprovingthechancesforincreasedgrowthandsurvivalaftertheoutplanting[3].InthisSpecial
Issue,GrossnickleandMacDonald[4]reviewthehistoricaldevelopmentofthedisciplineofseedling
quality,aswellaswhereitistoday.Becauseseedlingqualityconsistsofseveralfeatures,suchasthe
geneticsource,morphologicalproperties,nutritionalstatus,stressresistanceandthevitalityofthe
seedlings,theseedlingresponsestodifferentnurserypracticesmaybevariableindifferenttreespecies
andundervariablegrowthconditions[1,5].InthisSpecialIssue,Pinchotetal.[6]andPintoetal.[7]
considertherelationshipbetweentheinitialsizeoftheseedlingsandtheirgrowthafteroutplanting.
Thesestudieshighlightoncemorehowtheresponsesoftheseedlingstodifferentnurserypracticesare
dependentonplantspeciesandstocktype.
Thequalityandgerminabilityofseedsgreatlyinfluencethesuccessofproducinghealthyand
well-growing seedlings. Germinability and seedling health can be enhanced through different
productionmethods[8].Inthisissue,KaliniewiczandTylek[9]foundthatthequalityofpedunculate
oakacornscanbeimprovedbydifferentseedtreatmentspriortogermination.Theyconcludedthat
scarificationandtheeliminationofinfectedacornssignificantlyincreasedthegerminationcapacityof
theacorns.
2.NewandExistingChallengesalongtheSeedlingProductionChain
Globalchangeanddevelopmentoftechnologyprovidenewchallengesandopportunitiesfor
influencingprocessesalongtheseedlingproductionchain. Accordingtotheprojectionsmadeby
Forests2018,9,740;doi:10.3390/f9120740 1 www.mdpi.com/journal/forests