Sedimentary Geology

604 Pages·2013·83.811 MB·English

by  Donald R. Prothero, Fred Schwab

.
• • \ /! I
AnI ntrodutcot·s ieodni mentary
Rockasn dS tratigraphy
ThiErddi tion
FredS chwab
Washing&t oLne eU niversity
W.H .F reemaann dC ompanyI N ewY ork
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CONTENTS
PREFAC/E
v AuthigeneRseicsr,y stallization,
/128
andR eplacement
/130
SEDIMENTARY PROACNEDSP SREOSD UCT/S1 DiageneHtiisct ories
I
8 /135
1 /3 TerrestSreidailm entaErnyv ironments
SedimentaRroyc ksA:n Introduction
/136
AlluviFaaln s
SedimentRaorcyk D escriptAi Coans:e
Box8 .1
/3 DevoniaFna nglomerates
Study
/140
ofN orway
SedimentRaorcyk I nterpretAa tCiaosne:
/142
/7 BraidePdl uviSayls tems
Study
/144
/9 MeanderiPnlgu viSayls tems
SedimentGaeroyl ogGyo:a ls
Box8 .2
Sedimenatnsd S edimentRaorcyk s: TriasPsliucv iSaaln dstones
MajoCra tegor/i9es ofS pai/n1 45
/1 2 Box8 .3
TheE arthS'esd imentSahreyl l PaleoceannedE ocene
/150
2 /19 FloodplDaeipno siotfsW yoming
Weatherianngd S oils
I1 52
LacustrDienpeo sits
PhysicWaela theriDnigs:i ntegrRaotcikn g
Box8 .4
/20 The Eocene Green
intCol asts
/21 RiveFro rmatioofnt heR ocky
ChemicaWle athering Reactions
/154
/24 Mountains
Weatheriinntg h eN aturWaolr ld
I1 57
/26 EoliaDne posits
Soilasn dP aleosols
Box8 .5
JurassDuince so ft he
3 /33
ClastTirca nspoarntd F luiFdl ow
NavajSoa ndstoUntea,h a nd
/33
MassW asting /158
Arizona
/34
FluiFdl owi,n T heorayn di nN ature /160
GlaciDaelp osits
EntrainmeTnrta,n spoarntd,D eposition
ofC latss I 3 6 9 CoastaEln vironmen/t1s6 9
SedimeGnrta viFtlyo wIs4 0 Delta/s1 69
4 SedimentaSrtyr uctu/r4e9s Box9 .1P ennsylvanDiealnt aosft he
/175
I4 9 Appalachians
PrimarSye dimentSatrryu ctures
/178
Box4 .1 /54 PeritiEdnavli ronments
PaleocurArneanlty sis
/181
BarriCeorm plexes
/59
SecondaSreyd imentSatrryu ctures
Box9 .2
OrdoviciSahno relSienqeu ences
II SILICICLSAESDTIIMCE NTS ofS outAhf ric/a1 87
ANDE NVIRONMEN/T6S9
10
ClastMiacr inaen dP elagic
5 /71 /195
Sandstonaensd C onglomerates Environments
/71 I1 95
ConglomeraantdeB reccia Clatsi Sch elDfe posits
I8 1
Sandstone ContinenStlaolpa en d
/201
6 /105 RisSee diments
M udrocks
Box1 0.1
/106 TertiTaurryb idiotfte hse
Texture
/206
/106 Norhtern Apennines
Composition
/209
/110 PelagSiecd iments
ClayM ineraloagnydP rovenance
DepositiSoentatli /n1g1 1 Box1 0.C2r etaceSohuesl afn dP elagic
Glaucon/it1e1 2 Deposiotfst heW esterInn terior
Bentoni/t1e1 2 ofN ortAhm eric/a2 15
/114
Classification
/115
Origiann dO ccurrence BIOGENCIHCE, MICAALN,DO THER
III
7 /121 NONSILICICLSAESDTIIMCE NTRAORCYK S/ 223
SiliciclDaisatgiecn esis
Compacti/o1n 22 11 CarbonaRtoec ks/ 225
/123
Cementation /225
TheI mportanocfLe i mestone
/125
DiageneSttircu ctures
iv CONTENTS
CarbonaMtien erCahle mist/r2y2 7 Quantitative Biostratigraphy /376
CarbonaGteeo chemis/t2r2y9
17 GeophysiacnadlC hemostratigraphic
ControolnsC arbonaDteep osit/i2o3n0
Correlat/i3o8n1
LimestoCnoem ponents
WelLlo ggin/g3 81
andC lassific/a2t3i1o n
SeismSitcr atigr/a3p8h6y
LimestoDniea gene/s2i3s8
MagnetostratiIg4r 0a1p hy
Dolomiatned D olomitiza/t2i4o2n
ChemostratigIr4a 0p9h y
12 CarbonaEtnev ironme/n2t4s9
18 Geochronolaongdy
PeritiEdnavli ronme/n2t5s1
Chronostrati/g4r1a9p hy
SubtidSahle lCfa rbonat/e2s5 5
GeochronolIo4 g1y9
Box1 2.D1e vonian ShaMlalroiwn e
Potassium-ADragtoinn /g4 24
Carbonatoefts h eH elderbeGrrgo up,
Box1 8.B1r ackettihneAg g eo ft he
New York/ 256
Silurian-DevBoonuinadna r/4y 2 6
Reefasn dB uildu/p2s6 3
Argon-ArgDoant inIg4 28
Box1 2.D2e voniaRne efosft he
Rubidium-StroDnattiiunm/g4 31
CanninBga siAnu,s tra/l2i6a7 Uranium-LeDaatdi nIg4 32
SeculVaarr iatiinoC na rbonat/e2s7 2 Fission-TDraatciknI g4 33
13 OtheBri ogenSiecd imentRaorcyk /s2 77 Carbon-D1a4t in/g4 35
Cheratn dS iliceSoeudsi me/n2t7 7 OtheDra tinMge thodIs4 38
Phosphori/t2e7s9 ChronostratigI4r 3a8p hy
Organic-RSiecdhi men/t2s8 2 Box1 8.T2h eK BST ufafn dt he
Pitfaolf"l Asb solutDea"t in/g4 40
14 Chemicaanld N onepiclastic
ConstructtihneGg e ologic
SedimentRaorcyk /s2 97
TimeS calAen: E xamplfer omt he
SolutiGoeno chemis/t2r9y7
Eocene-OligIo4c 4e5n e
Iron-RSiecdhi mentRaorcyk /s3 00
Evapori/t3e0s4 19 SedimentRaorcyk isn S pacaen dT ime/ 455
NonepiclaSsetdiicm entRaorcyk /s3 11 BasiAnn alysIi4 s5 5
StratigrDaipahgirca masn dM aps/ 4 57
IV STRATIGRA/P3H2Y3 Box1 9.B1a siAnn alysoifts h eR idge
BasiCna,l iforIn4 i5a9
15 Lithostrati/g3r2a5p hy
TectonaincdsS edimenta/t4 i6o9n
Fades /326
SedimentaitniO orno genBiecl tTsh:e C lassic
A Frameworfko rA ccumulat/i3o3n1
GeosynclIinntaelr pretIa4 t7i2o n
Gapsi nt heR ecor/d3 33
SeculCahra ngeisnt heS edimentary
Correlat/i3o4n0
Recor/d4 86
TimeC orrelat/i3o4n2
APPENDIIX4 E93S
TheN aturoef t heC ontr/o3l4 5
GeologicIanlsltya ntanEevoeunst/ s3 52 A NortAhm ericaSnt ratigraCopdhei c
TimeT,i me-Rocakn,dR ock Un/i3t5s4 (198/34)9 5
TheS tratigrCaopdhei/ c3 56 B GeologTiicm eS calIe5s 3 5
Box1 5.M1e asurianngd D escribing GLOSSAIR5 4Y0
Stratigraphic /S3e5c8t ions BIBLIOGRIA5 P5H2 Y
16 Biostratig/r3a6p5h y
INDE/X5 74
ControllFiancgt oErvso:l utiaonnd
Paleoecol/o3g6y6
BiostratigZroanpahtiico n /367
Box1 6.T1 he" GoldeSnp ikea"tt he
Silurian-DevBoonuinadna r/y3 72
TheT imeS ignificoafBn icoes tratigraphic
Event/s3 74
IndeFxo ssi/l3s7 5
NortAhm ericaLna ndM ammal" Ages"
andB iochronol/o3g75y
PREFACE
Tot heI nstructor reflecotusr e xperiewnicteh u ndergraduraetaed ers
andt hep referenocfie nss tructFoorres x.a mplteh,e re
OVERT HEP ASTT HREED ECADEWSE, havei ntroduced
isl ittdleet aildeids cussoifoh no w rocka ndm ineral
many talentuendd ergradusattued enttoss edimen­
componentcsa nb e discriminaotpetdi calTlhyi.s
targye ologiyn:t hec lassroionmt ,h el aborataonrdy ,
wouldr equitroeom uchs pacaen dt imea,n di sp rob­
int hefi eldT.h ef irasntd s econedd itioonfts h ibso ok
ablym orea dequateplrye sentienpd u blishmeadn u­
werea direcotu tgrowotfho ure arlieexrp eriences,
alss electbeyd t hei ndividiunaslt rucWteo rr.e cog­
andt hitsh iredd itibouni ldosn t hes tronsgu cceosfs
nizet hatm ostf aculptrye fetro d esigtnh eiorw n
thoseea rlieedri tioTnhsi.s tiesxw tr itteesnp ecially
laboratoarnidef si eltdr ipisno rdetro b escta pitalize
foru ndergraduaatnedis s d esignesdp ecificfaolrl y
on theiorw n locagle ologayn dt heipre rsonpaals ­
usei na firscto ursien b oths edimentraorcyk asn d
sionasn de xpertiWsee a.l shoa ven otc overetdoa ny
stratigraWpeh eym.p hasizgee neraplr inciptlheast
substantdieaglr eteo piclsi kwee ll-loggainndsg u b­
studentnse edt o masterW.e intentionaavloliyd
surfaacnea lysis. Undergcraandb ueattteeascr q uire
overwhelmisntgu denwtist hd etaielxsc,e ptioonrs ,
thessep ecialiszkeidlo lns t hej obe,s peciailftl hye ir
overlsyp ecialiezxeadm pleCso.v eragies d eliber­
understandoifns ge dimentagreyo logrye stosn a
atelwye ighteidnf avoorf t hev arietoifes se dimen­
stronsgo libda se.
taryr ockssu cha sc onglomerastaen,d stonmeu,d ­
Then ucleufso rt heb ooki sP rother1o9'9s0 t ext­
rockl,i mestoanned,d olostotnhea mta keu p 99%o f
bookI nterpretthieSn tgr atigrRaepchoircMd o.s to ft he
thes edimentarroyc kc olumnT.h erei sa general
chaptefrrso mt habto okw eres ubstantially modified,
summaryo fa queougse ochemisbtercya usae c lear
updateadn,d s hortenSecdh.w aba ddedn ew chap­
understandiwnega tohfe rianngdc hemicsaeld imen­
tertsh aetm phasiztehdes edimentraorcyrk e coredx ­
tation reqiutSi.ir meisl arplryi,n cipolfef sl uimde ­
presslfyo ra comprehensviovleu met hatw ould
chanicarse c overesdo t haste dimentasrtyr uctures,
covebro ths tratigraanpdhs ye dimentarroyc ksW.e
sedimenetn trainmeanntds, e dimendte positciaonn
havew orkedt ogethhearr moniouasnldyd iligently
bea dequateulnyd erstoNoodt.e verdye taainld n u­
ino rdetro b lenodu rw ritisntgly esS.t ylaep,p roach,
anceo ft hes tratigracpohdieic s d iscussbeudt,a
andp edagogayr ew,e hopec,o hesiavned u niform.
readionfgt het exwti lplr ovidset udenwtist ha good
Thist hiredd itioofnS edimentGaeroyl obguyi ldosn
graspo ft her elatisvter engtahnsd w eaknessoefs
thes trengtohfts h ef irasntd s econdi:ti si ntention­
variomuest hodosf d atinagn dc orrelation.
allbya lanceydet,c urreAnnty.s ucceesasr nebdy t his
We belietvhea tth inse we ditiiosan s ignificiamn­t
texdte servebdellyo ngtsot hem anyb righwte,l l-mo­
provemeonvte rt hef irasntd s econedd itioTnhso.s e
tivatsetdu denwthso overt hey earsw eren evesrh y
editioennsj oyerde markabsluec cespse,r hapbse ­
aboulte ttiunskg n oww hatw orksa ndw hatd oesn't.
causteh eys of ortunataenldyc orrecttalryg ettehde
Finallwey ,h opet hitse xcto nvesy tot hes tudents
marketW.h y ist hiesd itiboent teFri?r sotf a lla,
who reada,n dw e hopee,n jojyu,s hto w fascinating
numbero fu serksi ndlsye nuts v ariosuusg gestions
thew orlodf s edimentraorcyk csa nb e.
abouwth atn eedeidm provemecnutl,l ionrge ,x pan­
sionT.h eo ccasioinmaplr eciswiaosne liminatWeed .
Tot heS tudent
expandecdo veraignes omea reassu,c ha sp etroleum
geologayn dc hemostratigrapthryi.et dod W oea bet­ We revisetdh itse xtbotookh elpy ou understand
terj obo fu nderstandainndgi nterpretthiens ge di­ theE arth'sse dimentarroyc kr ecorTdh.e book's
mentarryo ckr ecoridn t hec onteoxfta nE artthh at tonei si ntentioncaolnlvye rsatiaonnda,wl e hope,
hase volved through time. reader-frieTnhdilsny e.w editioinn corporaat es
SedimentGaeroyl oagsys umeosn lya single-coursneu mbero fs uggestions thata nrde uasdeerrossf
backgrouinndi ntroductgoeroyl ogAyd.d itioneaxl­ thefi rsatn ds econedd itiosnesno tu rw ay.A number
posurteo h istorgiecoall ogmyi,n eraloagnyd,p etrol­ofr elativmeilnyo re rrortsh aatp peareidnt hes ec­
ogyi sh elpfbuultn otc ruciWael r.e vieowr i ntroduceo nde ditihoanv eb eene liminatWeed'.v ee xpanded
relevacnotn cepftrso mt hesfei eldassw, e lla sf rom coveragien a few areaisn responsteo readers'
physiccsh,e mistarnyd,s tatisTthiecl se.v eolf d etail demands.
v
vi PREFACE
Fore xamplteh,e ries f arb ettceorv eraogfep etro­ aqueougse ochemisftlruyi,fd l owa,n da knowledge
leumg eologayn dc hemostratigar baipmtho yr,e e m­ oft het emporaanld s patidails tribuotfis otnr atified
phasiosn t imeltyo piscusc ha sg lacisaeld imentationr,o cksp,r ecisetlhyea reawsi thw hichs edimentary
ther oloef m eteoriitmep actosn sedimentatainodn , geologiasrtems o stf amiliar.
thel ong-tesremc ulgarre enhouasned icehosutsaet es
ofo ure volvipnlga net. 3.S edimenatnsadtt riaotni cgornacpihfsyle:en xeisbsi,l ­
We'vea lspou tt ogethae rre asonabcloym prehen­ itayn,ad d aptaTbhiisbl oioktc yom.p rehensicvoevl­y
sivgel ossaorfyk eyt ermfsr omt het extN.om encla­ erst wop rincifpiaell odfss edimentgaeroyl ogsye:d i­
turaen dj argotnyp icalgleyto uto fh andi na nys ci­ mentarpye troloagnyd stratigraSpehdyi.m entary
entifdiics ciplainndea , c oncibsuet c omprehensivep etrolodgeya lpsr imariwliyt h propeorfts ieedsi ­
glossasreye medt heb eswta y tok eept hec omplex mentarryo cks( composititoenx,t ursee,d imentary
terminoloofgo yu rf ielidnp erspective. structurtehse)i,cr l assificaantdi onno,m enclature.
Ina dditiwoen',v peu tt ogethae lri sotfi nterestinSgt ratigrdaepfhiyn aensd d escribneast urbaold ieosf
web siterse levatnott hes tudoyf s edimentgaeroyl ­ rock( mainlbyu,tn ote xclusivseeldyi mentraorcyk s).
ogya tt hee ndo fm ostc hapters. Sedimentpaertyr ologfiosctupssa rticuloanrh loyw a
We wouldl ikteo s harwei thy ou ther easownes be­ rocfko rmsw,h ati ti sd erivferdo ma,n dh ow them a­
came" sofrto ckg"e ologiasntdst hacto mpelluesd teriwaals t ransporftreodmt hes ourcaen dd eposited
firtsotw ritaen,d t herne writthei,ts e xt. ina particusleatrt i(nsgu cahs a deltaal,l uvifaaln ,
submarifnaen )S.t ratigraaprheeo rbss essbeydq ues­
1.S edimegnetoalrioyspg ryo btahbmelo ysp tr actitciaolnos fr ocakg ef,o sscioln tenpto,s itiionan succes­
anvda lucaobulirents heue n dergrgaedoulcaoutgreyr icsui­ona,n dc orrelatiinto inm ea nds paceC.u rricular
lumWe. l ivoen a planewth oses urfaicsed ominated modificatoifot nhsep asdte cadoer s oh aven ecessar­
by sedimenatn ds edimentarroyc ksG.e ologisrtes­, iltyr immetdh eu ndergraduate cmaalrekneddalrAy .
gardleosfsi ntereosrot b jectiwviel,il n variaebnl­y full-tseerpma ractoeu rsiens edimentatfioolnl,o wed
counttehr eE arths'esd imentsahreyl Oln.e o ft heu l­ bya seconfdu ll-tceorumr sien s tratigraaprheny o,
timatgeo alosf g eologiyst od eciphtehre t errestriallo ngevri abloep tioinnsm anyc aseWsh.i lteh ibso ok
rockr ecorWdh.i lieg neourso ckasn dm etamorphic cane asisleyr vaes a texfto rs ucha two-tecrlma ssical
rockasr eh istori"csanla pshottsh,e"yr ecorodn ly approaciht,h asb eeni ntentiondaelsliyg neads a
briesfh,o rt-leipviesdo diensE arthh'iss toIrtyi .st he solibda sef ora singcloeu rsmeu,l ti-objefcotrimvaet .
sedimentraroyc kr ecortdh aatc tass a na lmoscto n­
tinuoumso viefi lmo ft hahti stoTrhye.s tratirfei­ed 4.S edimernotcfakarssy:c inianttirnigag,nufu din n!g ,
cordp rovidae rsa tionaallm,o scto mplete documenW­e authorasr et het rullyu ckoyn esW.e 'vef ounda
tarrye corodfo urp laneth'iss tory. subjeacrte tah aits b othc hallengainndgf una,n dt his
bookg iveuss a marvelooupsp ortuntiots yh aroeu r
2.A backgrionsu enddi megnetoaliroseyg s ys efnotri aelxc itemewnitt hy ou,t ot empty ou toc omea long
mosjto bisng eolMoogsytj .o bsi ng eologrye quire withu sa ndf urther extphliofsra es cinatairnegao f
somef amiliawriitthyt heE arths'esd imentarroyc k geologWye. a rer ewardemdo netarfiolrdy o insgo me­
recorTdh.i sw asm oreo bviouisnt hem iddlteo l ater thinwge wellm ightd of orf reei-fw e couladf ford
twentiectehn turwyh,e nt hee nergbyu sinetsrsa di­ it-becauiste' sso e ntertaitnoiu nsg.U ntrainoebd­
tionalelmyp loyedt woo uto ft hregee ologiTshtast. servelroso kiantga ledgoef s andstosneees implayn
figuhraes n ow beenr educetdoo nlyo neo uto ft hree ordinary Ar otcrka.i nseed dimentagreyo logiosnt ,
geologibsuttsi ,ti sa st ruaes e vetrh acto alo,i ln,a tu­ theo thehra nds,e eas fascinating golfai nmcpiseen t
ralg as,a nd nucleafru elasr eh ousedi ns tratifiehdi stoAr yh.u ngryc,a rnivordoiunso sasucrr ambling
rockTsh.e n ewerr,a pidelxyp lodianrge aosf e mplo­y up theb ankso fa meanderirnigv efro rmeads p eri­
menti ne nvironmengteaoll ogayr ep rimari"lsyo ft­ odicf lasfhl ooddse positaendd g rainesr odefdr om
20
rockb"a sedA. g oodt hirodf a lgle ologitsotdsa ayr e loftgyr,a nitmiocu ntaipne aks kilometetrots h e
environmengteaoll ogiTshtesy.s eekw ateri ns edi­ eastL.i kewisae s,i mplbel ocokf l imestoinnae s laobf
mentarryo cktsh,e y'prree occupwiietdhc leaniunpg buildisntgo ne cotmoel si fient he mionfda carbon­
aiar ndw atepro llutitohne,fy i ghttor emediate dama­tes edimentgaeroyl ogicsotn,j uriunpg t hei mageo f
ageds iteWsh.a ta reaosf s peciaklntoyw ledge araen a ncietnrto piclaalg oon fillebdi zawriertxeht ,i nct
importatnott hee nvironmenstcaile nceCser?t ainlym arinpel antasn da nimalAsn.d fromt heb lufbfosr -
PREFACE vii
derintgh eG randC anyonw,h eret hec asuatlo urist FredS chwab'wso rko n thivso lumeh onortsh e
seesa photogensitca cokf c olorredo ckb andst,h e thresee dimentagreoyl ogiwshtos m osti nfluenced
skillsetdr atigrsaepehaser r e corodft hea ncieEnatr th him professio.n Baolbl Ryeynoldosf Dartmouth
thaptr esenatnis n triguing chtaodl elceinpghee r. Collegfei risntt roducheidm t os edimentraorcyk s.
Bob Dotto ft heU niversoiftW yi sconssihno wed
himh ow muchf uni tc anb et os tudtyh emi nt he
Acknowledgments
fieladn d thec lassrooRma.y Sieveorf Harvard
We thanRka yI ngersoDlelw,e yM ooreR,a yS iever, Univeirts,y by examples,t eerehdi m to a career
andD on Woodrow for revsiuebwsitnagn tpioarl­ largedleyv otetdo u nderstandtihnegsf ea scinating
tionosf t hem anuscriopftt hef irst edFiotrir oen­. deposiStcsh.w aba lstoh ankJso hnD .W ilsoPnr,e si­
viewintgh es econadn d thiredd itiownes ,t hank dentE meritoufsW ashingt&o nL eeU niveirts,ya nd
R6nadhC ox,W illiamCso llegKe.; SianD avies­ Ed Spencehri,sd epartmecnhta irmafno rt hep ast
VolluUm,n iversoiftW ya shingt-oTnac omaC;a roBl. thredee cadetsh,e t woc olleagmuoesst r esponsible
de Wet,F rankl&i nM arshaCloll legZeo;r anK ili­ forn urturiannag c ademsiect tiinnwg h icht eaching,
bardaI,n dianUan iversiNtoyr thwesDta;v idN . researcahn,d writinmgu tuallflyo urisHhe. also
LumsdenT,h eU niversoiftM ye mphisF;r edR ead, thankhsi sf ourf avoriftiee lads sista(natnsdk ids),
VirginiPao lytechInnisct itauntdeS tatUen iversityK;i mber,lB yryanJ,e ff,ra enydJ onathfano,rc ontinued
RaymondR ogerMsa,c alesCtoelrl egBer;u cMe. Si­ suppoarntd e ncouragemdeunrti ntgh eseef forts.
monsonO,b erlCionl legMea;r kA .W ilsonT,h eC ol­ Oure ditoBrisl,Ml i nicakn dH eidBia mattweerr,e a
legoef W oosteWre. t hanakl tlh er eviewearcsk nowl­ constainnts piraitnib orni ngitnhgi psr ojetcotc om­
edgeid nI nterprtehtSeit nrga tigrRaepchoirmcdu ;c ho f pletioMna.n y othepre oplaet W . H.F reemaann d
what wlee arnferdo mt hemi nfluenctehden ewp arts Companyh avec ontribugtreeda ttloyt hibso okJ:e n­
oft hibso oka sw ella st heo ldW.e also thank tnhief eBro sserptr,o jeecdti toBrl;a kLeo gand,e signer;
manyc olleagwuheos a rea cknowledgientd h ec ap­ ChristBiunees ep,h oteod itoJra;n iDcoe nnolial,l us­
tionfso rt heg enerouusse o ft heiprh otograpChlsi.f ­ traticoono rdinaatnodr ;P aulR ohlofpfr,o duction
fordP rothearlos hoe lpebdy printimnagn yo ft he manager.
photograupshesdi nt hibso ok.