Table Of ContentSecurity in the
Persian Gulf Region
Fatemeh Shayan
Security in the Persian Gulf Region
“The study of Dr. Fatemah Shayan on security in the Persian Gulf is a very
timely peace of scholarly work. Even the two first months of 2016 have
shown us how quickly and rapidly the situations change in this region.
The imbroglio between Iran and Saudi-Arabia, the Russian involvement
in Syria as well as the deterioration of the Libyan situation along the IS
extension are good examples of this volatility. This book offers an excel-
lent guide to this multiform landscape of the whole area and so helps us to
understand the deep roots of its daily complexity.”
Tuomo Melasuo,
Professor of Peace and Conflict Research, University of Tampere, Finland.
Fatemeh Shayan
Security in the Persian
Gulf Region
Fatemeh Shayan
International Relations
University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
ISBN 978-1-137-58677-3 ISBN 978-1-137-58678-0 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/978-1-137-58678-0
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016956407
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Kingdom
To my parents and brother, Javad
A
cknowledgments
I am specifically thankful the anonymous reviewer for his work as the exter-
nal examiner of this book and the Palgrave Macmillan series editor of the
New Security Challenges, Professor Stuart Croft. I also wish to express my
gratitude to my academic mentor, Professor Pami Aalto, at University of
Tampere (UTA), Finland; Professor Amr Sabet, Dalarna University, Sweden
and Acting Professor Juha A. Vuori, University of Helsinki. I would also like
to take this opportunity to acknowledge the responsible people in Palgrave
McMillan publishing house, particularly Ms. Sarah Roughley, Ms. Samantha
Snedden and Ms. Hannah Kašpar. I am grateful to the former dean of the
School of Management, Professor Markku Sotarauta for his help and support
regarding my previous employment opportunity at UTA in 2013. My thanks
also go to his replacement, Professor Antti Lönnqvist regarding the extension
of my employment in 2014. I am also thankful to Markku and Antti for their
encouraging words regarding my publications and other academic activities.
My extremely kind and supportive parents deserve gratitude that words
cannot express. My mum and dad, I am very blessed to have parents like
you. Your endless love, support, encouragement, and presence in my life
have been the ultimate source of my inspiration and security. I also wish to
convey my love and appreciation to my youngest brother, Javad, who has
been ceaseless source of unconditional support whenever I needed it. The
warmest thanks, once again, go to my lovely father and Javad, who have
been my most important mentors and have instilled in me a belief that I
can overcome any obstacle and achieve my very ambitious goals.
October 30, 2017 Dr. Fatemeh Shayan
vii
c
ontents
Part I Approach 1
1 Introduction 3
2 Theoretical Perspectives on the Persian Gulf
Security Complex 21
3 Scrutinizing Causes: The Process-Tracing Method 53
Part II Analyses 79
4 Regional Anti-American Sentiment
Between 1980 and 2003 81
5 Regional Anti-American Sentiment
Following the Iraq War 109
6 Regional Rise of the Al Qaeda Threat
between 1980 and 2003 127
ix
x CONTENTS
7 Regional Rise of the Al Qaeda Threat
Following the Iraq War 149
Part III Conclusion 175
8 Conclusion: The Persian Gulf Security Complex
Following the Iraq War 177
Appendix I: Checklist for Interview Questions 189
Bibliography 191
Index 219
l A
ist of bbreviAtions
AQAP Al Qaeda in Arabian Peninsula
AQI Al Qaeda in Iraq
CIA Central Intelligence Agency
EU European Union
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FEP Fuel Enrichment Plan
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP Gross Domestic Products
IMF International Monetary Fund
IR International Relations
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
PFEP Pilot Fuel Enrichment Plan
PUOIC Parliamentary Union of Organization of Islamic Conference
RSC Regional Security Complex
RSCT Regional Security Complex Theory
TRACECA Transport Corridor Europe-Caucasus-Asia
UAE United Arab Emirates
UF Uranium Hexafluoride 6
6
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
US United States
UTA University of Tampere
WMD Weapons of Mass Destruction
xi
l f
ist of igures
Fig. 1.1 Disciplines in studying the Persian Gulf security complex 16
Fig. 2.1 Elements of the Copenhagen School utilized in the study 22
Fig. 2.2 Theoretical framework of Persian Gulf security complex 47
Fig. 3.1 Causal graph of the regional rise of Al Qaeda threat 63
Fig. 3.2 The process-tracing method and the Persian Gulf
security complex 63
Fig. 4.1 Causal graph of anti-American sentiment 83
Fig. 4.2 Detailed causal graph of regional rise
in anti-American sentiment 83
Fig. 4.3 Persian Gulf actor constellation for anti-American sentiment 85
Fig. 6.1 Causal graph of regional rise of the Al Qaeda threat 128
Fig. 6.2 Detailed causal graph of the regional rise
of the Al Qaeda threat 129
Fig. 6.3 Persian Gulf actor constellation for Al Qaeda threat 130
Fig. 6.4 Difference between total unemployment and unemployment
among young people in Saudi Arabia 131
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