Table Of ContentAdvanced Sciences and Technologies for Security Applications
Juan Cayón Peña Editor
Security and
Defence: Ethical and
Legal Challenges in
the Face of Current
Conflicts
Advanced Sciences and Technologies
for Security Applications
SeriesEditor
AnthonyJ.Masys,AssociateProfessor,DirectorofGlobalDisasterManagement,
HumanitarianAssistanceandHomelandSecurity,UniversityofSouthFlorida,
Tampa,USA
AdvisoryEditors
GiselaBichler,CaliforniaStateUniversity,SanBernardino,CA,USA
ThirimachosBourlai,LaneDepartmentofComputerScienceandElectrical
Engineering,MultispectralImageryLab(MILab),WestVirginiaUniversity,
Morgantown,WV,USA
ChrisJohnson,UniversityofGlasgow,Glasgow,UK
PanagiotisKarampelas,HellenicAirForceAcademy,Attica,Greece
ChristianLeuprecht,RoyalMilitaryCollegeofCanada,Kingston,ON,Canada
EdwardC.Morse,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley,CA,USA
DavidSkillicorn,Queen’sUniversity,Kingston,ON,Canada
YoshikiYamagata,NationalInstituteforEnvironmentalStudies,Tsukuba,Ibaraki,
Japan
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Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttps://link.springer.com/bookseries/5540
Juan Cayón Peña
Editor
Security and Defence:
Ethical and Legal Challenges
in the Face of Current
Conflicts
Editor
JuanCayónPeña
CampusdelaBerzosa
UniversidadAntoniodeNebrija
HoyodeManzanares,Spain
ISSN1613-5113 ISSN2363-9466 (electronic)
AdvancedSciencesandTechnologiesforSecurityApplications
ISBN978-3-030-95938-8 ISBN978-3-030-95939-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95939-5
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Foreword: Rule of Law. Looking for a Warrior
Ethos
LetmestartthisbythankingthepeoplethathadtheideaofthisForeword,Prof.Juan
CayonandProf.JesusMartin-RamirezfromNebrijaUniversity.Thankstobothof
you for this opportunity given to an old soldier. Professor Cayón, an old friend of
mine,suggestedthatIcouldusemyownexperiencetoaddress,thruthescreenwith
my personal view on the importance of military people following the rule of law
and,atthesametime,tryingtokeepanethicalbehavior.Frommyperspectiveisan
importantduty,particularlyinthesetimesweareforcedtoconfrontwiththethreats
of liquid postmodernism. My reply, there was no other possible, was an airborne
“HOAH!”,ormuchpoliteandmuchbetter“AYEAYE,Sir,Iwilldomybest”.
Armed Forces in Western democracies are established and organized in such a
waythatnotbeingdemocraticontheirown,intheirdailywork(nobodyasksasoldier
ifheorsheishappywithacertaintask),theirchainofcommandrespectsandfollows
the rule of law. This term, rule of law, has been described in varying terms, but I
believethatacomprehensivedefinition,suchastheoneusedbytheUnitedNations,is
usefulinthiscontext.Theydefineruleoflawasaprincipleofgovernanceinwhichall
persons,institutions,andentities,publicandprivate,includingthedifferentnations
involved, are accountable to laws that are publicly promulgated, equally enforced
andindependentlyadjudicated,andwhichareconsistentwithinternationalhuman
rights norms and standards. It requires, as well, measures to ensure adherence to
the principles of supremacy of law, equality before the law, accountability to the
law, fairness in the application of the law, separation of powers, participation in
decision-making,legalcertainty,avoidanceofarbitrariness,andproceduralandlegal
transparency.
All this is very important because the only way the Armed Forces can be sure
theyusethepowergiventotheminthebestinterestofthepeopleisbysubordinating
theirpossibilitytoexercisemilitarypowertothethreepowersofstate(legislative,
executive, and judiciary). Please be aware that the actual subject of the national
sovereigntyinmostoftheWesternnationsis,precisely,“we,thePeople”.
Back in the seventeenth century when sovereignty resided upon the King, we
use to refer to the Armed Forces as “His Majesty’s Armies”. Today we keep the
traditionalname,butmilitariesarenolongersubjecttotheKingortheQueen.Today
v
vi Foreword:RuleofLaw.LookingforaWarriorEthos
inmostofthesenations,includingmyown,thethreepowersofstatearerepresenting
nationalsovereigntyinthenameofthepeopleandsoitisthegovernmentelectedby
themtheonethatsetsthetermsofthenationaldefenseandanalyzesandfacesthe
threatsandriskstothesubsistenceofSpainasanadvanceddemocraticsociety.In
Spain,weusedtosayandsometimesweconvinceourpoliticalmastersthatpolicy
isforthemasmuchasstrategyisformilitarypeople.
ThisistheonlywayIseetoguaranteethatthemonopolisticuseofforcegranted
totheArmedForcescanprovideinstitutionalstabilityandensuretheexistenceofa
nation-state.Toachievesuchatask,ArmedForcesneedtoarriveatakindoflegal
contractbetweenthemselvesandthenation.Thiscontractorclauseiswhatwecall
“subordinationofmilitaryaffairstopoliticalpower”.
Manynationsusesecularconstitutions,statutes,andmechanisms(lawenforce-
ment,courts,andinstitutionstocorrectindividualcriminalbehavior)toimplement
ruleoflaw.Butothernationsusedifferingimplementationmethods.
IntheMiddleEast,forexample,thestructureofthelegalsystemisderivedfrom
acombinationofsystems,includingreligionandtribalpractice,toformformaland
informallegalmechanisms.InstateswithastrongIslamicinfluence,personalissues,
suchasdivorceandmarriage,areresolvedinshariacourts.Thejudgesincriminal
courtsmaybeeducatedtoapproachcriminalmattersdifferentlythanjudgestrained
insharialaw.InCentralandSouthernAmerica,whatSpaniardsrefertoasHispanic-
Americas,citizensbelievethattheydonothaveavoiceortheabilitytoobtainjustice
from a system permeated by corruption, judicial failures, repressive police tactics,
andthelegalmarginalizationofthemajorityofthepopulation.CitizensinCentral
Asia,mostnotablytheCaucasusstates,assumethattheyaregovernedbyinstitutions
thatareinept,corrupt,andrifewithnepotism.
Insomepartsoftheworld,ruleoflawappearsundertheguiseofastrongauthor-
itarian ruler exercising great influence over the “independence” of the judiciary
system.Oftenrulerswithastrong“lawandordermentality”impedesocialchange
thatmaythreatentheirholdsonpower.
IntheSpanishcase,whenreferringtothegovernmentanditsexecutivepowers,
ourconstitutionsaysinitsArticle97th,“theGovernmentdirectsinternalandforeign
policy,thecivilandmilitaryadministrationandthedefenseofthestate…”.Spanish
constitution tasks Armed Forces, constituted by the Army, the Navy, and the Air
Forcetofulfilltheirmission:toguaranteesovereigntyandindependenceofSpain,
todefenditsterritorialintegrityandconstitutionalorder.Constitutionalsoinstructs
themtodofulfillthatmissioninaccordancewiththelawandtheprinciplesofthe
constitutionitself.ThisistosaythatArmedForcesmustsubordinatetheiractions
to the political powers and to adjust them to legality in order to legitimize their
possibility of using lethal force while marrying up Armed Forces with the society
theyserveto.
In any case, there are two/three different sets of rules the Armed Forces must
follow.
Ontheonehand,theymustfollowtheirnationallaw,constitution,andthedifferent
lawsderivedfromher.Thecapacitytousearmstoopposeexteriorandinnerthreats
Foreword:RuleofLaw.LookingforaWarriorEthos vii
tothenationinthiskindofmonopolisticexercisemakessoimportantformilitaries
tofollowtherulesestablishedbythegovernmentandthelaw.
Inbothcases,theruleoflawishardtotransformintotangiblesuccessesonthe
ground,butitisstillveryimportanttodevelop,particularlywhenwearetryingtoset
thegroundfora“comprehensivecivil-militaryapproach”aswe,membersofNATO,
usuallydo.Thisisthereasonbehindmilitaryintenttoprepareourrankstoconfront
thischallengewhenwedeploytoplaceslikeAfghanistaninwhichstabilityandrule
of law are critical to security in the region and throughout the globe. The need to
strengthen the rule of law will exist wherever people and their governments cope
withconflictandinstability.NowonderwhyPresidentBarackObamastatedwhen
addressingthetransitionfromInternationalSecurityAssistanceForce(ISAF)tothe
ResoluteSupportMission:“Westerncommitmenttotheruleoflawisfundamentalto
oureffortstobuildaninternationalorderthatiscapableofconfrontingtheemerging
challenges of the 21st century”. As it happened in Afghanistan, Western Nations
willcontinuetoengageinstatesatriskoffailure,infailedstateswherethecentral
government is so weakened that the people have virtually returned to the natural
state, in states emerging from long periods of conflict such as Afghanistan, and in
statesinpeacefulpostconflictrebuildingperiods.
Ontheotherhandwheninoperationsabroad,theyneedtocopewiththelawand
constitutionofthecountriesinwhichtheyaredeployed.ArmedForcesmustfollow
theLawofConflictalsoknownastheLAWOFARMEDCONFLICTorthe“Geneva
Conventions”thatcomprisefourtreatiesandthreeadditionalprotocols.Allofthem
together are able to establish the standards of international law for humanitarian
treatmentinwartime.
ItwasaSwissbusinessman,Mr.HenryDunant,Co-recipientoftheNobelPeace
Prizein1901whenvisitingwoundedsoldiersaftertheBattleofSolferinoin1859
thatrealizedthelackoffacilities,personnel,andmedicalaidavailabletosoldiers.His
wartimeexperienceinspiredhimtoproposeapermanentreliefagencyforhumani-
tarianaidintimesofwarandatreatyrecognizingtheneutralityofthisagencyand
allowinghertoprovideaidinacombatzone.Thisproposalledtotheestablishment
of the Red Cross and later on to the Geneva Convention as the first codified inter-
nationaltreatythatcoveredthesickandwoundedsoldiersonthebattlefield.Years
later,theSwissgovernmentinvitedEuropeancountries,aswellastheUSA,Brazil,
andMexico,toattendanofficialdiplomaticconference.Sixteencountriesreplied,
andtheconferenceadoptedthefirstGenevaConventionsignedbytwelvecountries
Switzerland,Belgium,Denmark,France,Italy,theNetherlands,Portugal,andSpain,
amongthem.
Inreality,thetermGenevaConventionusuallydenotestheagreementsof1949,
negotiatedintheaftermathoftheSecondWorldWarwhichupdatedthetermsofthe
previoustreatiesandaddedtwonewconventions.TheGenevaConventionsexten-
sivelydefinedthebasicrightsofwartimeprisoners(civiliansandmilitarypersonnel),
establishedprotectionsforthewoundedandsick,andestablishedprotectionsforthe
civiliansinandaroundtheareaofoperations.Thetreatiesof1949wereratified,in
theirentiretyorwithreservations,by196countries.Moreover,theGenevaConven-
tionsalsodefinetherightsandprotectionsaffordedtonon-combatantsbuttheydonot
viii Foreword:RuleofLaw.LookingforaWarriorEthos
addresstheuseofweaponsofwar,whicharethesubjectoftheHagueConventions,
northebiochemicalwarfarethatbelongstotheGenevaProtocol.
For militaries across the world, it is very important to comply with the Geneva
Conventions. It is important for the soldier, for the commander and even for the
countrybecauseeverymemberoftheArmedForces,whateverhisorherrankis,has
a personal responsibility not only to comply with the law of armed conflict but to
ensurethatitiscompliedwithbyothersandtotakeactionintheeventofviolations.
There is no possibility for any member of the Armed Forces to invoke superior
ordersintheirdefense.Violationsofthelawareconsideredwarcrimesandwillbe
prosecuted in national courts or in international tribunals such as the International
CriminalCourt.
Despite the difficulties of formulating threats and risks in an environment so
respectful of peace as the one in which Western democracies live and breathe, the
truthisthatoutsidethesewallstherearethreats,andthereareriskstothecontinuity
ofanyparticularnation.
Theworldremainsavolatile,uncertain,anddangerousplacewithstates,transna-
tional organizations, and non-state actors all working in their own self-interests—
which may or may not be aligned with the national interest of the Western world.
ThereislittlechoiceforWesterncountriesbuttomaintainanactiveroletocounter,
impede,anddissuadehostilestates,non-stateactors,andtransnationalcriminalorga-
nizations. Working in concert with other nations, international organizations, and
Non-GovernmentalOrganisations(NGOs),wemustmitigatethreatsthroughtheuse
ofallelementsofnationalpowerandfocusonruleoflawdevelopmentasameans
toprovidestability.
Ifcombatoperationsarerequiredtowrestcontrolofanationoralargegeographic
areafromahostileforceorifanationbecomesafailedstaterequiringinternational
intervention,eachparticipatingnationmustplanforandbepreparedtoimplement
programstoprovidesecurityandstability.Usingasmuchoftheindigenouscriminal
justicesystemassoonaspossibleshouldprotectthepeoplefromharmandhelpthem
tobegindevelopingasenseof“nation”toformthecoreofthenationthatwillrise
fromtheashesoftheconflict.
Rule of law development requires a whole-of-government approach in which
synchronizationandcoordinationamongthemilitary,Embassyteams,international
organizations,andNGOsarecritical.Inanoperationwithakineticcomponent,or
wherethesecuritysituationmaybeunstable,themilitarymusttaketheleadindevel-
opingthesecurityumbrellausingthecriminaljusticesystemforcounterinsurgency
andprovidinggeneralsecurityforthepeople.Otherrulesoflawprograms,focused
onmoregeneralizeddevelopmentefforts,havealongertimehorizonandcanmore
effectivelyflourishafterthesecuritysituationismorestable.
Forthosewhohavedeployedtoorarefamiliarwithwar-tornareasorfailedstates,
itisclearthatmilitaryforcealonewillnotbeabletoestablishorimplementruleof
law.Legalsystemsandinstitutionstakeyearstodevelopbasedonavarietyoffactors,
includinghostnationculture,religion,andtoleratedlevelsofcorruption,andwhether
coalition members bring with them an ethnocentric bias that could complicate the
establishmentofruleoflaw.Inat-risk,failed,emerging,andpostconflictstates,the
Foreword:RuleofLaw.LookingforaWarriorEthos ix
militarycansettheconditionsforruleoflawdevelopmentandstabilitybyfocusing
onthestate’scriminaljusticesystem.
Thesituationisnotthesameasitwasfifty,thirty,noteventenyearsago.That
is why the current global security landscape is part of the major threats that can
affecttheWest.Globalsecurityisaffectedbyglobalthreatsliketheonesposedby
China,Russia,Iran,andNorthKoreabutalsoandmuchclosertous,liketheones
represented by Violent Extremist Organizations (VEO) and some rogue states or
unstableoneslikethecountrieswehaveinpartsofoursouthernfrontier.
Wehaveseenthis2021aclearandpresentdangertooursovereignty,andwehave
tested how difficult is the life on the vallado as Colonel Jessup once stated in the
movie“Afewgoodmen”.Thethreatanalysiswouldbebetterandtheresultseasier
ifthemilitarywereheardbyourpoliticalmasters,butunfortunatelythisisnotthe
usualcase.Iguesswecanblamesomeofthereasonsbehindthismistrustbetween
civilian and military relations on history, tradition and on the wrong approach to
discipline that affects some military leaders. Sometimes we see them or some of
themtryingtoknowwhattheirbosses(nomatterifmilitaryorcivilian)wantbefore
submittingtheirproposals.Ifmilitaryleaderstrytosaywhatthepoliticianswantto
hear, being politically correct and not professionals,itwillbe difficult todefend a
militarypointofviewconsistentwiththemissiongiventotheArmedForcesandthe
analysis,Iwasadvocatingtowillbeflaw.Inmilitarylife,itisandwillalwaysbevery
difficulttoconcurineverythingwithourpoliticalmasters,andthisiswhyGeneral
Marshalltryingtoexplainhowhehandledhissomehowdifficultrelationshipwith
theUSpoliticalleadershipstated:“Ihavealwaysprovidedbluntandcandidadvice,
Ihavealwaystriedtokeepmydisagreementsinacloseholdenvironment,andIhave
alwaysimplementedfaithfullydecisionsthatwentagainstmine”.This,personally,
iswhatItriedtofollowinmyowncareer,particularlyinmytourofdutyasChief
ofDefenseSpain.
Butthereisonemoreimportantthing,theportionreferredtoethicalbehavior.
IfthereissomethingIampositiveaboutisthatinourquestforlegitimacy,weneed
tohavecombatantswithsuperiorethicalbehavior.Weneedsoldiersableandwilling
to perform their duties respecting the law but warriors anyway. Warriors invested
inatruefightingspirit,abletoengageincombatwhentheirownlifeisatrisk.We
need to have and to train soldiers inspired by a warrior ethos, people with a clear
compromiseandwillingtorisktheirlives,tofightforahighergoal.
BecausethesecondthingIampositiveaboutisthatthenextgenerationor,atbest,
thefollowingonewillhavetocallitsArmedForcesintoaction.Atthatverysame
moment,whentherollcallstarts,wecannotfindourArmedForceswellpreparedto
fightfiresortostabilizemoreorlessdistantcountries,andweneedthemprepared
fortheirtruemission,toguaranteeoursovereigntyandindependenceandso,ableto
fightforitsdefenseandwillingtokeepintactitsterritorialintegrityandconstitutional
order.
Pleasebearinmindthatthislackofpropertrainingandpreparationhashappened
before.Twentyyearsago,theSpanishGovernmentdecidedtoanswerthecallofone
ofitsNATOalliesshortlyaftertheterribleeventsof9/11.Butthe“waronterror”
