Table Of ContentProtecting Critical Infrastructure
Series Editors: Simon Hakim · Erwin A. Blackstone
Robert M. Clark
Simon Hakim Editors
Securing Water
and Wastewater
Systems
Global Experiences
Protecting Critical Infrastructure
Volume 2
Series Editors
Simon Hakim, Philadelphia, USA
Erwin A. Blackstone, Philadelphia, USA
For furthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8764
Robert M. Clark Simon Hakim
•
Editors
Securing Water and
Wastewater Systems
Global Experiences
123
Editors
RobertM. Clark SimonHakim
Environmental Engineering Department of Economics
and Public HeathConsultant Temple University
Cincinnati,OH Philadelphia, PA
USA USA
ISBN 978-3-319-01091-5 ISBN 978-3-319-01092-2 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-01092-2
SpringerChamHeidelbergNewYorkDordrechtLondon
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013949430
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
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We would like to dedicate this book to our
families and many contributors to the
manuscripts that appear in this volume. Bob
is particularly appreciative of the support
and encouragement from his wife Susan, his
children Dan and Kathy, and grandchildren
Thomas, Nicholas, Benjamin, and Eleanor.
Simon would like to acknowledge the love
and support he has received from his wife
Galia, his children Liora, Rami, Doron, and
grandchildren Dylan, Aslley, and Joshua
Contents
1 Securing Water and Wastewater Systems:
Global Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Robert M. Clark and Simon Hakim
2 Protecting Water Supply Critical Infrastructure:
An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Robert Janke, Michael E. Tryby and Robert M. Clark
3 Industrial Control System (ICS) Cyber Security for Water
and Wastewater Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
Joe Weiss
4 Implementing Machine Learning Algorithms for Water
Quality Event Detection: Theory and Practice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Eyal Brill
5 Sensor Placement Under Nodal Demand Uncertainty
for Water Distribution Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Hailiang Shen, Edward McBean and Yi Wang
6 Waterborne Transport Modeling of Radioactivity
from the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Incident. . . . . . . . . . . 135
William B. Samuels, Rakesh Bahadur and Christopher Ziemniak
7 Quantitatively Assessing Water Asset Reliability
in the Netherlands: 15 Years of Experience. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
R. H. S. Beuken, H. de Kater and J. H. G. Vreeburg
8 Environmental Management of the Puyango–Tumbes River
Basin in Ecuador and Peru. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Napoleon Puño
vii
viii Contents
9 Water Scarcity in Asia and its Long-Term Water and Border
Security Implications for Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
Gurudeo Anand Tularam and Patrick Marchisella
10 Water Diversion Projects in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
He Chen and Robert B. Wenger
11 Feasibility of Using Satellite Water Tanks for Protecting
Drinking Water in Urban Communities
in Developing Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Manish Shrestha and Steven G. Buchberger
12 The Impacts of Global Climate Change on Water Treatment
Design and Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Robert M. Clark
13 Integrated Control and Detection of Accidental Occurrences
in Water Distribution Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Slobodan Macan and Edo Macan
14 Plan, Prepare and Safeguard: Water Critical Infrastructure
Protection in Australia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
Dave Birkett and Helena Mala-Jetmarova
15 Latvian Practices for Protecting Water
and Wastewater Infrastructure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
Anatolijs Zabašta, Ta¯lis Juhna, Kristina Tihomirova,
Ja¯nis Rubulis and Leon¯ıds Ribickis
16 Austrian Activities in Protecting Critical
Water Infrastructure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
M. Möderl, W. Rauch, S. Achleitner, A. Lukas, E. Mayr,
R. Neunteufel, R. Perfler, C. Neuhold, R. Godina, H. Wiesenegger,
F. Friedl, D. Fuchs-Hanusch, J. Lammel, P. Hohenblum, F. Skopik,
T. Bleier, K. Weber, F. Eder and M. Brugger
About the Author . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
Chapter 1
Securing Water and Wastewater Systems:
Global Perspectives
Robert M. Clark and Simon Hakim
Technical Terms and Abbreviations
ACHILLES Spatial vulnerability identification tool
AMI Advanced metering infrastructure
AMR Automatic meter reading
AQUASEC-AUT Austrian crisis management laboratory
CAIS The cyber attack information system
CDC Centers for disease control and prevention
CI Critical infrastructure
CLOFs Continuous rainfall and cloudbursts
COTS Commercial off-the-shelf
DCS Distributed control systems
DHS Department of homeland security
ERP Eastern route project
EU European Union
FEIS Failure experience improvement system
GAO Government accountability office
GEDES Risk offlood and landfill hazard tool
GeoSFM The Geospatial Stream Flow Model
GLOFs Glacial lake outburst floods
GRDC Global runoff data center
ICS Industrial control system
ICWater Incident command tool for drinking water protection
R.M.Clark(&)
EnvironmentalEngineeringandPublicHeathConsultant,9627LansfordDrive,
Cincinnati,OH45242,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
S.Hakim
DirectorCenterforCompetitiveGovernment,FoxSchoolofBusiness
andManagement,ProfessorofEconomics,TempleUniversity,Philadelphia,
PA19122,USA
e-mail:[email protected]
R.M.ClarkandS.Hakim(eds.),SecuringWaterandWastewaterSystems, 1
ProtectingCriticalInfrastructure2,DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-01092-2_1,
(cid:2)SpringerInternationalPublishingSwitzerland2014
2 R.M.ClarkandS.Hakim
LDOFs Landslide dam outburst floods
IT Information technology
IWRM Integrated water resources management
ML Machine learning
MRC Mekong river commission
MRP Middle route project
NOAA National ocean and atmospheric administration
ORTIS Operational risk management tool and information system
PET Potential evapotranspiration
PiReM Pipe rehabilitation management
PLC Programmable logic controllers
RTU Remote terminal unit
SCADA Supervisory control and data acquisition
SHARC Coastal transport model
SRTM Shuttle radar topography mission
TISN Trusted information sharing network
US United States
U.S. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency
Vewin Association of drinking water companies in the Netherlands
WTP Water treament plant
WQE Water quality event
WQED Water quality event detection
WSIAAG Water services infrastructure assurance advisory group
ZuHaZu Condition assessment of large-diameter transmission water
mains
1.1 Introduction
There is general recognition that urban water systems are vulnerable to both
manmade and natural, threats and disasters including droughts, earthquakes, and
terroristattacks.Thereisalsogrowingconcernoverthepossibleeffectsofclimate
changeontheavailabilityofwatersupply.Naturaldisasterssuchasmajorstorms,
hurricanes, and flooding can have an adverse effect on water supply security.
Several recent earthquakes centered in urban areas such as the earthquake that
struck Kobe City, Japan in 1995 have demonstrated the disastrous effect that
earthquakes can have on urban water systems.
Untilrecently,terrorismwasnotgenerallyregardedasaseriousthreattowater
supply, but, after the attacks of September 11, 2001 in the United States, gov-
ernment planners have been forced to consider the possibility that the nation’s
critical infrastructure may, in fact, be vulnerable to terrorist attacks. The rapid
proliferation of telecommunication and computer systems, which connect
1 SecuringWaterandWastewaterSystems:GlobalPerspectives 3
infrastructure components to one another in a complex network, compounds this
vulnerability (Clark et al. 2011).
There are many factors that may affect water security. According to Bakker
(2012) water security may be defined ‘‘… as an acceptable level of water-related
riskstohumansandecosystems,coupledwiththeavailabilityofwaterofsufficient
quantity and quality to support livelihoods, national security, human health, and
ecosystem services’’. According to Bakker (2012) an estimated 80 % of the
world’s population faces a high-level water security or water-related biodiversity
risk.Itispossibletocharacterizewatersecuritythreatsaccordingtothefollowing
categories (Bakker 2012):
• Direct threats to drinking water supply systems including natural or manmade
threats such as terrorist attacks, earth quakes, storms, and flood.
• Lack of water resource availability, including impacts of economic growth and
development. These could be impacts on growth and human livelihood from
water-related hazards such as floods and droughts, water stress, and water
scarcity, especially with respect to food and energy security.
• Threatsfrompoint-andnon-pointsourcepollutiontowater-relatedecosystems,
suchasincreasedwaterconsumptionresultingintheincreaseduseofecosystem
services and biodiversity loss, and the human impact on ecosystems.
• Impact of climate change resulting in increased hydrological variability,
including increased amplitude and frequency of droughts and floods.
Acentralthemeofthesewatersecuritythreatsistheneedtobalancehumanand
environmental water needs while at the same time safeguarding essential eco-
systemservicesandbiodiversity(Bakker2012).Overarching, allaspectsofwater
security are the concept of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM).
IWRM emphasizes linkages between land-use change and hydrological systems,
between ecosystems and human health, and between the political and scientific
aspectsofwatermanagement.AccordingtoBakker(2012)thisnewwatersecurity
agenda should ‘‘… include a conceptual focus on vulnerability, risk, and resil-
ience; an emphasis on threats, shocks, and tipping points; and a related emphasis
on adaptive management given limited predictability’’. This book attempts to
address this broad spectrum of water security issues through a series of essays
prepared by a group of internationally recognized experts. These essays are
organized into the following five sections:
• Direct threats to water systems
• Water resource availability
• Threats due to ecosystem impacts
• Threats due to climate change
• Integrated total water management
