Secularism or Democracy?: Associational Governance of Religious Diversity (Amsterdam University Press - IMISCOE Research)

387 Pages·2008·1.22 MB·English

by  Veit Bader

Secularism or Democracy?
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Secularism or Democracy?
Associational Governance of Religious Diversity
Veit Bader
IMISCOE Research
Cover illustration: This section of tiles, entitled ‘Tres Culturas’, com-
posesapanelinoneofthemanymuralsfoundinFrigiliana.Likeothers
tilesseeninthevillagesofAndalusia’sAxarqu´ıaregion,itmemorialises
the settlement, resistance and eventual massacre of the Moriscos after
theReconquista.PhotobyVeitBader.
Cover design:StudioJan de Boer BNO,Amsterdam
Layout: The DocWorkers,Almere
ISBN 978 90 5356999 3
NUR 741 /763
©VeitBader /Amsterdam University Press 2007
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Summary contents
Preface
Introduction Contested religious pluralism
Part I Modernstates and religions, sociological and
historical considerations: setting the stage
1 Secularisation and separation?Institutional diversityof
religious governance
Part II Reconceptualising principlesand makingpolitical
philosophy fit for the task of accommodating
religious diversity
2 Contextualisingmorality: moralminimalism, relational
neutrality,fairnessas even-handedness
3 Priorityfor liberal democracyorsecularism?Why Iam not
asecularist
Part III Dilemmas and limits of accommodation, principles
and cases: applying moral minimalism
4 Religious freedoms andother human rights, moral
conundrums and hardcases
5 Relational neutrality and even-handedness towards
religions:softercases and symbolic issues
6 SECULARISMORDEMOCRACY?
Part IV Institutionalmodelsof democracy and religious
governance:associative democracy
6 Moderately agonisticdemocracy, democraticinstitutional
pluralism, associative democracy andthe incorporation of
minorities
7 Normative modelsof religious governance: associative
democracy, amoral defence
8 Dilemmas ofinstitutionalisation;associative democracy,
church autonomy andequal treatment ofreligions
9 A realisticdefence ofassociative democracy
10 Associative democracyand education
Conclusions
Notes
References
Index ofnames
Index ofsubjects
Detailed contents
Summary contents 5
Detailedcontents 7
Preface 13
Introduction: Contested religious pluralism 17
Part I Modernstates and religions, sociological and
historical considerations: setting the stage 33
1 Secularisation and separation?
Institutional diversity of religious governance 35
1.1 Religions andreligion 36
1.2 Secularisation 39
1.2.1 Decline of religion(s)? 41
1.2.2 Individualisation, subjectivisation,and privatisationof
religion(s)? 43
1.2.2.1 ‘Individualisation’ or ‘subjectivisation’? 43
1.2.2.2 Privatisation of religions? 44
1.2.3 Minimalorcomplete differentiation? 46
1.2.4 Conclusions 48
1.3 Institutional diversity of religious governance in recent
Western states 49
1.3.1 Governance andgovernment ofreligious diversity 49
1.3.2 Path-dependent patternsand regimes of religious
governance in the West 50
1.3.3 Institutional diversity of Western governmental regimes 53
1.3.3.1 Constitutional regimes 54
1.3.3.2 Constitutional reality 54
1.3.3.3 Legal status of (organised)religions 55
1.3.3.4 Autonomyofchurches and religious communities 56
1.3.3.5 Financingof religions 58
8 SECULARISMORDEMOCRACY?
1.3.3.6 Regulationand financingoffaith-based educational
institutions 58
1.3.3.7 Regulationand financingofreligious instruction in
public schools 59
1.3.3.8 Regulationand financingoffaith-based care and social
service organisations 60
1.3.3.9 Anemerging European regime ofreligious governance? 61
1.4 Lessonsforpolitical philosophers 62
Part II Reconceptualising principlesand making
political philosophy fit for the task of
accommodating religiousdiversity 65
2 Contextualisingmorality:moralminimalism, relational
neutrality,and fairnessas even-handedness 67
2.1 ‘Aviewfrom nowhere’ or relativism? Moderate
universalism 68
2.2 Moral minimalism and differentiated moralstandards 70
2.2.1 Autonomyor toleration 73
2.2.2Liberalism and/or democracy: democratic temptations 78
2.2.3Moral minimalism’sproblems 79
2.3 Moderateanti-perfectionism and relational neutrality 82
2.4 Fairnessas even-handedness 86
2.5 Contextualised morality 89
2.6 Aplea foran institutionalist turn 92
3 Priorityfor liberal democracyorsecularism?Why Iam not
asecularist 93
3.1 Contextualisingsecularism: shouldliberal-democratic
states be secular and,if so, inwhichsense? 95
3.1.1 Historical contextualisation 95
3.1.2 Structural contextualisation: differentkindsof threats 98
3.1.3 Societal andcultural secularisation andstrategic issues 100
3.2 First-order justifications: ethical and political secularism? 102
3.3 Second-order justifications: secular, independent political
ethics? 104
3.4 Priorityfor liberal democracy 109
3.4.1 Freedomsofpolitical communication 110
3.4.2Anti-paternalist decision-making 112
3.5 Philosophicalfoundationalism or priority for democracy? 113
3.6 Religions anddemocracy 117
3.7 Priorityfor democracy vs. religious challenges 122
DETAILEDCONTENTS 9
Part III Dilemmas and limits of accommodation, principles
and cases: applying moral minimalism 127
4 Religious freedoms andother human rights, moral
conundrums and hardcases 129
4.1 Religious freedoms 130
4.1.1 Religious freedom,religious freedoms 130
4.1.2 Negative freedoms ofreligion 131
4.1.3 Negative andpositive freedoms 133
4.1.4Positivefreedoms and equal treatmentofreligions 134
4.2 Groups,conflicts and issues 136
4.2.1 Minorities 136
4.2.2Issues 138
4.2.3Three theoretical and political options 138
4.3 Associationalfreedoms versus nondiscriminationand
equal opportunities 141
4.3.1 Nondiscriminationand theshield ofprivacy 142
4.3.2Religious versus economic organisations 143
4.3.3 Central versus peripheralactivities to faith 144
4.3.4Unduly disadvantaging outsiders 145
4.3.5 Dangersof publicscrutinyand financing 145
4.4 Modern criminal law versus nomos of certain ethno-
religious groups 148
4.5 Religious versus civic marriage and divorce law 150
5 Relational neutrality and
even-handedness towards religions:
softer cases and symbolicissues 153
5.1 Practicaland symbolic accommodation:claims,resistance
and policy responses 153
5.2 Educationand religious diversity 155
5.2.1 Contentofeducation,curricular pluralisation 157
5.2.1.1 Religious educationand instructionin governmental
schools 158
5.2.1.2 Publicly financed non-governmental religious schools 160
5.2.2 Pedagogy andeducationalcultures 162
5.3 Pragmatic accommodation ofreligiousminority practices 164
5.4 Highly orpurely symbolicissues 166
5.5 Representationin the political process 171