Table Of ContentSecular Solar and Geomagnetic Variations
in the Last 10,000 Years
NATO ASI Series
Advanced Science Institutes Series
A Series presenting the results of activities sponsored by the NA TO Science Committee,
which aims at the dissemination of advanced scientific and technological knowledge,
with a view to strengthening links between scientific communities.
The Series is published by an international board of publishers in conjunction with
the NATO Scientific Affairs Division
A Life Sciences Plenum Publishing Corporation
B Physics London and New York
C Mathematical Kluwer Academic Publishers
and Physical Sciences Dordrecht, Boston and London
o Behavioural and Social Sciences
E Applied Sciences
F Computer and Systems Sciences Springer-Verlag
G Ecological Sciences Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, London,
H Cell Biology Paris and Tokyo
Series C: Mathematical and Physical Sciences - Vol. 236
Secular Solar and
Geomagnetic Variations
in the Last 10,000 Years
edited by
F. R. Stephenson
and
A. W. Wolfendale
Physics Department,
University of Durham, Durham, England
Kluwer Academic Publishers
Dordrecht I Boston I London
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on
Secular Solar and Geomagnetic Variations in the Last 10,000 Years
Durham, England
6-10 April 1987
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Secular solar and geoMagnetic variations in the last 10,000 years :
proceedings of the NATO advanced research Norkshop held in DurhaM,
England, April 6-10, 1987 I edited by F.R. Stephenson and A.W.
Wo Henda Ie.
p. CM. -- (NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathelatlcal and
physical sciences: vol. 236)
Includes Index.
lSBN-13: 978-94-010-7853-5 e-1SBN-13: 978-94-009-3011-7
001: 10.1007/ 978-94-009-3011-7
1. Solar osclllatlons--Hlstory--Congresses. 2. Magnetls.,
Terrestrlal--Secular variation--Hlstory--Congresses.
3. Paleoclllatology--Congresses. I. Stephenson, F. Richard
(Francis Rlchard), 1941- II. Helfandale, A. W. III. Serin:
NATO ASI series. Series C, Mathelatlcal and physical sciences: no.
236.
OO539.083S43 1988
523.7--dc19 88-12646
CIP
ISBN-13: 978-94-010-7853-5
Published by Kluwer Academic Publishers,
P.O. Box 17, 3300 AA Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
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All Rights Reserved
© 1988 by Kluwer Academic Publishers
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1988
No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface ix
List of Participants xiii
Section I. The Sun
Variability of the Present and Ancient Sun:
a test of Solar Uniformitarianism
J.A. Eddy 1
The Sun among the Stars: What Stars Indicate about
Solar Variability
D.R. Soderblom and S.L. Baliunas 25
Long and Short Cycles in Solar Activity during the
last Millennia
M.R. Attolini, M. Galli and T. Nanni 49
Is the Solar Cycle an Example of Deterministic Chaos?
N.O. Weiss 69
Fast Dynamos with Flux Expulsion
A.M. Soward 79
The Pattern of Large-scale Convection in the Sun
C.A. Jones and D.J. Galloway 97
Section II. The Sun from Historical Records
Solar Variability from Historical Records
F.R. Stephenson 109
The Behaviour of Solar Activity as Inferred from
Sunspot Observations 165 B.C. to 1986
A.D. Wittmann and Z.T. Xu 131
Solar, Geomagnetic and Auroral Variations Observed
in Historical data
J. Feynman 141
vi
Analysis of Pre-telescopic and Telescopic Sunspot
Observations
K.K.C. Yau 161
Seasonal and Secular Variations of the Oriental
Sunspot Sightings
D.H. Willis, C.M. Doidge, M.A. Hapgood, K.K.C. Yau
and F.R. Stephenson 187
The Solar Diameter since 1715
J.H. Parkinson, F.R. Stephenson and L.V. MOrrison 203
Section III. The Sun and Climate
The Climate of the Past 10,000 Years and the Role
of the Sun
T.M.L. Wigley 209
The Climatic Impact of Secular Variations in Solar
Irradiance
G.C. Reid and K.S. Gage 225
Section IV. Solar and Geomagnetic Signals in Cosmogenic
Nuclides and Sea Sediments
The Solar Component of the Atmospheric 14C Record
M. Stuiver and T.F. Braziunas 245
Production and Decay of Radiocarbon and its Modulation
by Geomagnetic Field-Solar Activity changes with Possible
Implications for Global Environment
P.E. Damon 267
lOBe as a Proxy Indicator of Variations in Solar
Activity and Geomagnetic Field Intensity during the
last 10,000 Years
G.M. Raisbeck and F. Yiou 287
Temporal lOBe Variations in Ice: Information on Solar
Activity and Geomagnetic Field Intensity
J. Beer, U. Siegenthaler and A. Blinov 297
Model Comparison of l4C and lOBe Isotope Records
U. Siegenthaler and J. Beer 315
~i
The Dependence of Cosmogenic Isotope Production Rate
on Solar Activity and Geomagnetic Field Variations
A. Blinov 329
Solar Imprint in Sea Sediments: the Thermoluminescence
Profile as a New Proxy Record
G. Cini Castagnoli and G. Bonino 341
Section V. The Earth's Magnetic Field
Secular Variations of the Geomagnetic Field -
the Archaeomagnetic Record
D.H. Tarling 349
The Geomagnetic Field over the Last 200 Years
F.J. Lowes 367
Geomagnetic Field and Radiocarbon Activity
through Holocene Time
K.M. Creer 381
Geomagnetic Secular Variation as Determined from
Paleomagnetic Studies of Lake Sediments and its
Relation to the Study of the Cosmic Ray Flux
K.L. Verosub 399
Archeomagnetic Results from United States,
10,000 BC to Present, and with some Data from
MesoAmerica
R.L. DuBois 419
Geomagnetic Intensity Measurements from Northern
Greece and their Comparison with other Data from
Central and N. Eastern Europe for the Period
0-2000 yr AD
S.P. Papamarinopoulos 437
Section VI. Cosmic Rays, the Earth and Cosmology
The Sun and Cosmic Rays
A.W. Wolfendale 443
Terrestrial Variations within given Energy, Mass and
Momentum Budgets; Paleoclimate, Sea Level, Paleo-
magnetism, Differential Rotation and Geodynamics
N.-A.Marner 455
viii
Geophysical Observations over the Last Few
Millennia and their Implications
S.K. Runcorn 479
Astronomy: Evolution of Evolution
Sir William McCrea 489
Index 499
PREFACE
Solar and geomagnetic variability are of considerable interest for
scientists of many different persuasions and indeed one has the
distinct impression that for the sun at least, there is direct
relevance for mankind in general as the interrelation between solar
and terrestrial phenomena is starting to be appreciated.
From the vast time scale of interest in the variability field,
attention was confined to the last 10,000 years in a NATO Advanced
Research Workshop held from April 6 - 10, 1987 in Durham, England,
and the present publication comprises the lectures given there.
Such a Workshop was very timely in view of the impressive new
data available from 14C analysis in dated tree rings and lOBe in
polar ice cores, from natural palaeomagnetic records in lacustrine
sediments and from archaeomagnetic material. Also to be mentioned
are new studies of historical accounts of naked-eye sunspots and
aurorae. All the data have contributed to improvements in under-
standing the relative variations of solar properties, the geomagnetic
field and climate and it is hoped that this volume will convey the
flavour of these advances in knowledge.
A feature of the Workshop was the lively discussions which
followed so many of the papers. There were several instances of
healthy disagreement and this is reflected in the opposing views
presented inanumber of the papers published here.
We were fortunate at the Workshop in having with us the doyen
of British Astronomy, Professor Sir William McCrea FRS. His evening
discourse on Cosmology was so interesting and thought provoking that
we urged him to produce a manuscript for publication. The resulting
paper is included as the finale to this volume.
Many members of the Physics Department and staff of St. Mary's
College, where participants were accommodated, helped with the
organisation and we are most grateful to them. Our particular
thanksto our Departmental Superintendent, Mr. C.F. Cleveland, for
his many contributions, to Ms. Margaret Chipchase for her considerable
efforts in retyping the manuscripts and to Mrs. Pauline Russell for
her art work. We also acknowledge the painstaking work of Mr. Kevin
Yau who helped with Editorial duties.
F.R. Stephenson
A.W. Wolfendale Durham, March 4, 1988.
NA TO ADVANCED RESEARCH WORKSHOP
SECULAR SOLAR AND GEOMAGNETIC VARIATIONS IN THE LAST 10'000 YEARS
UNIVERSITY OF DURHAM. U.K. APRIL 6-10. 1987
