Seawater Desalination: Conventional and Renewable Energy Processes

307 Pages·2009·10.74 MB·English

Green Energy and Technology
Forfurthervolumes:
http://www.springer.com/series/8059
· ·
Andrea Cipollina Giorgio Micale Lucio Rizzuti
Editors
Seawater Desalination
Conventional and Renewable
Energy Processes
With143Figuresand55Tables
123
Editors
AndreaCipollina,GiorgioMicale,LucioRizzuti
DipartimentodiIngegneriaChimica
deiProcessiedeiMateriali
UniversitàdegliStudidiPalermo
VialedelleScienze,Ed.6
90128Palermo
Italy
e-mail:[email protected]
ISSN1865-3529 e-ISSN1865-3537
ISBN978-3-642-01149-8 e-ISBN978-3-642-01150-4
DOI10.1007/978-3-642-01150-4
SpringerHeidelbergDordrechtLondonNewYork
LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2009932595
©Springer-VerlagBerlinHeidelberg2009
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...Water,water,everywhere,
Noranydroptodrink...
TheRimeoftheAncientMariner
bySamuelTaylorColeridge
TheEditors’royaltiesofthisbookwillbedonatedtotheEuropean
DesalinationSociety,asasmallsigntosupportEDSextensiveactivitiesin
thefieldofDesalination,withparticularregardtothewidespreadof
knowledgeandawarenessatalllevelsoftheglobalcommunity.
Foreword
The seas around us harbors over 97% of water in the world. Yet water stress and
scarcityloomlargeaspopulationgrows.
Desalination technology has come to harness the water treasure in the seas.
Desalinationplantsgrowinginnumber,sizeandefficiencyaresupplyingmoreand
more water with lower energy requirements, more attention to environment and
lower cost. At the same time, great efforts are being made to promote water con-
servationbymoreefficientuse.Yetwehavealongwaytogo.
Lowering energy requirements and hence cost is the major challenge of desali-
nationasitisforallenergyconsumingtechnologies.Wenowlooktosun,windand
waveandweoncelookedtotheirGods.Iftodaywehavenotyetreachedefficient
ways to unlock this mighty source of energy and some skeptics lurk in the wings,
research has even brought us to the moon. So it is essential to pursue research on
solarenergycoupledtodesalinationaswellaswindandwavesourceswithdetermi-
nationtolinkthemtomoreandmoreefficientcleangreensourcesfordesalination
atlowercosts.
Theeditorsandauthorsofchaptersinthisbookhavebeendedicatedtothisobjec-
tiveandshouldbecongratulatedfortheireffortsinexplainingdesalinationandlinks
torenewableenergyinareader-friendlystyle.
MiriamBalaban
EuropeanDesalinationSociety
vii
Preface
bytheEditors
The idea of a novel book on seawater desalination has been for quite a long time
inthemindsoftheEditors,whohavebeenlivingintheItalianislandofSicilyand
thus well acquainted with the overwhelming potential offered by the sea and the
sun.
It was not until the Summer of 2007 that the Editors came to the final deci-
siontostartthepreparationofthepresentbook,thankstotheinsightfulsupportof
Dr.ChristophBaumann,EngineeringEditoratSpringerHeidelberg.
This book is an attempt to write an original comprehensive yet concise intro-
duction to Seawater Desalination processes, with the specific aim to abridge the
gapbetweenconventionaltechnologiesandnovelsustainablerenewableenergypro-
cesses.
The first section of this book presents, in a technical but reader-friendly way,
an overview of currently-used desalination processes, from thermal to membrane
processes, highlighting the relevant technical features, and development potential.
Italsogivesarapidinsightintotheeconomicaspectsoffreshwaterproductionfrom
seawater.
The second section of the book presents novel processes which use Renewable
Energiesforfreshwaterproduction.Fromthefirstsolarstillevaporators,whicharti-
ficiallyreproducedthenaturalcycleofwater,technologyhasprogressedtodevelop
complexsystemstoharnessenergyfromthesun,wind,tides,waves,etc.andthen
to use this energy to power conventional or novel desalination processes. Most of
theseprocessesarestillatapreliminarystageofdevelopment,butsomearealready
being cited as examples in remote areas, where they are proving to be valuable in
solvingtheproblemsofwaterscarcity.
Thebookactuallyfillstheneedforawide-coveragesystematicdescriptionofa
remarkablerangeofalternativedesalinationprocessandplantconfigurations,thus
helping the reader to understand the key technological advantages and disadvan-
tages and the relevant suitability of a given configuration for the specific site of
installation.
Worldwide acknowledged leading experts in the various fields of desalination
processeshavecontributedwritingthosechaptersofthebookrelevanttotheirspe-
cificfieldofexpertise.
ix
x Preface
Perhaps the most immediate value of this book resides in providing valuable
accessible and up-to-date information for all readers who may be interested in the
field of Desalination within the context of present and future sustainability: engi-
neeringprofessionals,academicsandscientists,technicians,managers,privateand
publicinstitutions,studentsandcommoncitizens.
The Editors wish to express their most heartfelt thanks to the Authors of the
chaptersfortheireffortsincontributingtosuchachallengingtask,andtoMyafor
performingthelanguagerevisionofthebook.
Last but not least the Editors wish to thank Alice, Cristina, Giuseppe, Laura,
PietroandSerenafortheinvaluablesupportthroughoutthetimetakenfortheprepa-
rationofthemanuscript;withouttheirencouragementandunderstandingthisbook
wouldnotbecompletedtoday.
Palermo,July2009 AndreaCipollina
GiorgioMicale
LucioRizzuti
Contents
1 SeawaterDesalinationforFreshwaterProduction . . . . . . . . . . 1
GiorgioMicale,AndreaCipollina,andLucioRizzuti
2 ConventionalThermalProcesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
HishamEttouney
3 MembranesforDesalination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
EfremCurcioandEnricoDrioli
4 CommercialDesalinationTechnologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
HishamEttouneyandMarkWilf
5 NuclearDesalination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
B.M.MisraandI.Khamis
6 SolarThermalProcesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
M.T.ChaibiandAliM.El-Nashar
7 MembraneDistillationforSolarDesalination . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
JoachimKoschikowski,MarcelWieghaus,and
MatthiasRommel
8 PhotovoltaicReverseOsmosisandElectrodialysis . . . . . . . . . . 189
JürgenRheinländerandDieterGeyer
9 WindandWaveEnergyforReverseOsmosis . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
EftihiaTzen
10 OperatingRE/DesalinationUnits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
MichaelPapapetrou,EssamSh.Mohamed,
DimitrisManolakos,George Papadakis,VicenteJ.Subiela,
andBaltasarPeñate
11 ProtectingtheMarineEnvironment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
SabineLattemann
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
xi
Contributors
M.T.Chaibi NationalResearchInstituteforRuralEngineeringWaterand
Forestry,B.P10,2080Ariana,Tunisia,[email protected]
AndreaCipollina DipartimentodiIngegneriaChimicadeiProcessiedei
Materiali,UniversitàdiPalermo,VialedelleScienze,Ed.6,90128Palermo,Italy
EfremCurcio DepartmentofChemicalEngineeringandMaterials,University
ofCalabriaViaP.BucciCUBO44A–87030Rende(CS),Italy
EnricoDrioli InstituteonMembraneTechnologyITM-CNR,c/oUniversity
ofCalabriaViaP.BucciCUBO17C–87030Rende(CS),Italy
AliM.El-Nashar 22AhmedGharboStreet,Apt.703,Zizinia,Alexandria,Egypt,
[email protected]
HishamEttouney DepartmentofChemicalEngineering,CollegeofEngineering
andPetroleum,KuwaitUniversity,P.O.Box5969,Safat13060,Kuwait,
[email protected]
DieterGeyer CenterforSolarEnergyandHydrogenResearch
Baden-Württemberg,Industriestr.6,D-70565Stuttgart,Germany,
[email protected]
I.Khamis NuclearPowerTechnologyDevelopmentSection,DivisionofNuclear
Power,IAEA,Vienna,Austria,[email protected]
JoachimKoschikowski FraunhoferInstituteforSolarEnergySystemsISE,
Freiburg,Germany;PSEAG–ProjectsinSolarEnergy,Freiburg,Germany,
[email protected]
SabineLattemann InstituteforChemistryandBiologyoftheMarine
Environment,CarlvonOssietzkyUniversityofOldenburg,Postfach250326111
Oldenburg,Germany,[email protected]
DimitrisManolakos AgriculturalUniversityofAthens,Dept.ofNatural
ResourcesandAgriculturalEngineeringIeraOdosStreet75,Athens11855,Greece
xiii