Table Of ContentA. Delyannis E.-E. Delyannis
Seawater and Desalting
Volume 1
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York 1980
Prof. Dr. Anthony Delyannis
Dr. Euridike-Emmy Delyannis
Plastira-St. 3
GR - Amarousion-Pefki
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data.
Delyannis, A. Seawater and desalting. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Saline water
conversion. 2. Sea-water. I. Delyannis E., joint author. II. Title.
10479.044628.1'6780-19090
ISBN-13: 978-3-642-67739-7 e-ISBN-13: 978-3-642-67737-3
001: 10.1007/978-3-642-67737-3
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of
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© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1980.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1s t edition 1980
The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in the publication does not imply,
even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
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2152/3140-543210
Forevvord
The literature on water and desalination, dealing with basic research as well as
engineering aspects, is spread in a large number of journals. In addition the
vaste patent literature augments the citations to an extent, which makes infor
mation of researchers and engineers quite time consuming.
In order to produce a systematic literature survey, the authors have compiled
the relevant citations in a more or less complete form.
The present volume contains about 2170 citations, including 552 patents, of
the most recent publications up to 1979. Condensed abstracts are given of the
main publications, as well as titles or highlights of any other article or pat
ent, which might be of interest to the reader. The book is intended to serve as
a handy guide to scientists and engineers.
More detailed information is given on novel developments of the various desa
lination processes and some details are included on desalting plants recently
erected in various parts of the world. As the literature survey extends also to
fields related to desalination, the book might also be useful to scientists of
other disciplines, as Geoscientists, Oceanologists, Analysts, Ecologists and
Corrosion Engineers, as data on the composition, the physical properties, the
analytical chemistry of seawater and the corrosion of metals in ocean water are
also included.
In view of many new ideas particular attention was given to the patent liter
ature. Patents are cited separately in each section of the book and are summa
rized in the Patent Index.
We intend to cover the further development of the field in additional vol
umes. About every second year such a volume will be published.
Prof. Dr. Anthony Delyannis Dr. Euridike-Emmy Delyannis
Table of Contents
1A. The Water Problem 11 Halogens, Iron, Lead, Li
Water quality 11 thium, Magnesium, Manganese,
Water management 11 Mercury, Molybdenum, Nitra
Water reuse 11 tes, Organics, Oxygen, Po
Literature to 1A. 12 tassium, Radionuclides, Sa
linity, Sodium, Strontium,
lB. Desalting Processes 13 Sulfate, Sulfur, Trace ele
International meetings 13 ments (Neutron activation,
International activities 13 Electrochemical methods,
Egypt, France, Germany W., Spectroscopy, Various meth
Israel, Japan, Libya, Nether ods), Uranium, Zinc
lands, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Patents 27, 31, 32, 34, 35
U.S.A. Literature to 1C.3 35
Education and training 15
Literature to lB. 16 2A. Distillation 40
Patents 40
1C. Raw Material Seawater 17 Heat transfer 41
1. Mineral content of seawater 17 Condensation 41
Aluminum, Ammonium, Arsenic, Dropwise condensation 41
Cerium, Chromium, Cobalt, Corrugated and finned tubes 42
Copper, Halogens, Hardness, Patents 42
Helium, Iron, Lead, Manganese, Fluidized beds 42
Mercury, Nitrates, Organics, Direct contact heat transfer 43
Oxygen, Phosphoric acid, Plu Patents 43
tonium, Radionuclides, Rheni Boiling 43
um, Strontium, Sulfates, Trace Polluting materials' 44
metals, Tritium, Uranium, Va Patents 44
nadium, Zinc Biomedical aspects 44
Trace metals patents 20 Stabilization of distillate 44
Literature to 1C.1 21 Patents 44
Disposal of effluents 44
2. Physical Properties of Sea- Literature to 2A. 45
water 23
Activity and osmotic coeffi 2B. Components of Distillation
cients, Conductance, Density, Plants 47
Dielectrics, Electrical con Intake Systems 47
ductivity, Evaporation, Heats Patents 47
of solution, Ion association, Containment vessels 47
Molal volumes, Solubilities, Deaerators 47
Sound speed, Specific heats, Patents 47
Structure of water, Thermody Demisters 48
namic properties, Vapor press Heat exchangers 48
ure, Viscosity Patents 48
Literature to 1C.2 26 Pumps 48
Literature to 2B. 48
3. Analytical Chemistry 27
General, Acidity, Alcalinity 2C. Vertical Tube Evaporators 49
and pH, Aluminum, Ammonium, Falling liquid film 50
Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium Rising liquid 50
and Bismuth, Boron, Cadmium, Patents 50
Caesium, Calcium, Carbon, Ce Operating experience 51
rium, Chromium, Cobalt, Cop Literature to 2C. 51
per, Dissolved gases, Gold,
8
2D. Horizontal Tube Evaporators 52 Alkaline scale 71
Patents 52 Patents 72
Literature to 2D. 53 Sulfate scale 72
Removal of scale 73
2E. Flash Evaporation 53 Patents 73
Flashing flow 53 Literature to 2N. 73
Multi-stage flash distillation 53
Patents 54 20. Treatment of Feed Water 74
Operating experience 55 Chlorination 74
Germany W., Japan, Kuwait, Li Acid injection 75
bya, Mexico, Netherlands, O Patents 75
man, Saudi Arabia, U.S.S.R. Treatment by phosphates 75
Literature to 2E. 55 Patents 75
Additives 75
2F. Other Distillation processes 56 Patents 76
Vapor compression 56 Seeding. Patents 77
Patents 57 Treatment by ion exchange 77
Vertical mUlti-stage evapora- Patents 77
tors. Patents 57 Magnetic treatment 77
Vapor reheat 57 Patents 78
Vertical MSF evaporator Literature to 20. 78
Patents 57
Multi-stage flash fluidized bed 2P. Corrosion 80
evaporator 58 Corrosion inhibition 81
Rotating evaporator. Patents 58 Patents 81
Literature to 2F. 58 Literature to 2P. 81
2G. Combined Distillation Plants 59 2Q. Materials of Construction 83
VTE-MSF evaporation 59 C-steel and iron-base alloys 83
Patents 59 Patents 83
VC-VTE-MSF combined plant 59 Stainless steels 84
Patents 59 Patents 84
Literature to 2G. 60 Copper-base alloys 84
Patents 85
2H. Dual Purpose Plants 60 Aluminum 85
Patents 60 Titanium 86
Operating experience 61 Concrete 86
Libya, Saudi Arabia Patents 87
Literature to 2H. 61 Non metallics 87
Protective coatings 87
21. Waste Heat as Energy Source 61 Cathodic protection 87
Patents 62 Patents 87
Dehumidification 62 Literature to 2Q. 88
Patents 62
Literature to 21. 62 3A. Ion Exchange 91
Ion exchange technology 91
2K. Nuclear Energy as Heat Source 63 Patents 92
Nuclear vs. conventional power 64 Sirotherm process 92
Safety and environment 64 Patents 92
Literature to 2K. 64 Literature to 3A. 93
2L. Geothermal Energy as Heat 3B. Membrane Processes 94
Source 65 Literature to 3B. 94
Literature to 2L. 66
3C. Ion Exchange Membranes 95
2M. Solar Energy as Heat Source 67 Preparation and properties 95
Patents 68 Patents 96
Literature to 2M. 69 Ion selectivity 97
Patents 98
2N. Scale Formation and Prevention 70 Ion and water transport 98
9
Electrical properties 99 Acrylic acid derivatives 131
Patents 100 Aromatic polyamid polymers 132
Concentration polarization 100 Ethylene derivatives 133
Electroosmosis 101 Poly(methyl-methacrylate) 133
Patents 101 Poly(vinyl alcohol) polymers 133
Scaling and fouling 101 Polyvinylpyrrolidone polymers 133
Patents 102 Other polymeric materials 134
Inorganic ion-exchange Patents 134
membranes 102 Ultrathin, composite
Literature to 3C. 102 membranes 136
Patents 136
3D. Electrodialysis 108 Other types of membranes 136
Patents 109 Dynamically formed membranes 136
Electrodialysis and ion Patents 137
exchange 110 Charge membranes 138
Patents 110 Porous glass membranes 138
Electrodialysis reversal 111 Patents 138
Patents 111 Literature to 3F. 138
High temperature electro
dialysis 111 3G. Reverse Osmosis Process 145
Hygienic evaluation 111 Patents 147
Operating exper~ence 112 Pretreatment of feed water 148
Greece, Japan, Libya, U.S.A. Patents 148
Treatment of waste waters 112 Energy considerations 149
Separation of inorganics 112 Patents 149
Patents 113 Plate and frame system 149
Separation of organics 113 Patents 150
Patents 113 Tubular module 150
Other electrochemical Patents 151
processes 113 Spiral wound module 151
Electrosorption 113 Patents 152
Donnan dialysis 114 Hollow fiber module 152
Electrochemical pumping 114 Patents 153
Literature to 3D. 114 Hygienic considerations 154
Operating experience 154
3E. Reverse Osmosis and U~tra France, Germany W., India,
filtration 117 Italy, Japan, Netherlands,
Mechanism of reverse osmosis 118 Saudi Arabia, Sweden, Uni-
Osmosis 118 ted Kingdom, U.S.A., Vene
Patents 118 zuela
Thermoosmosis 119 Literature to 3G. 156
Osmotic energy production 119
Pressure retarded osmosis 119 3H. Other Applications of Reverse
Literature to 3E. 120 Osmosis and Ultrafiltration 160
Domestic and municipal wastes 160
3F. Reverse Osmosis Membranes 121 Spacecraft wastes 161
Patents 121 Recycling of industrial wastes 161
Water transport, salt Recycling in the food industry 161
rejection 122 Patents 161
Concentration polarization 124 Hemodialysis and artifical
Degradation and fouling 124 k~~y ~1
Patents 125 Patents i62
Diffusion 126 Separation of inorganics 162
Cellulose acetate membranes 126 Patents 163
Preparation and properties 126 Separation of organics 163
Structure 128 Patents 164
Patents 129 Literature to 3H. 164
Modified cellulose acetate
membranes 129 4. Other Desalting Processes 169
Patents 130 Ice formation and melting 169
Polymer film membranes 130
10
Freezing processes 169 Magnesium 175
Patents 170 Patents 175
Hydrates 170 Potassium 175
Bioconversion 170 Strontium 175
Chelate treatment 171 Patents 175
Literature to 4. 171 Uranium 175
Patents 177
5. Economic Considerations 172 Literature to' 5. 177
Recovery of byproducts 173
Patents 173 6. Iceberg Utilization 180
Common salt 174 Literature to 6. 181
Patents 174
Halogens 174 Patent Index 182
Patents 174
Lithium 174 Abbreviations 189
Patents 174
1A. The Water Problem
New editions of Wasser Kalender 1979 [1] and the Manual on Water [2] have been
published. A bibliography on water resources in arid and semiarid regions contains
140 abstracts. 31 of which are new entries. The bibliography covers reports on wa
ter quality. resource management. potable water. consumption and irrigation. part
icularly those in the western regions of the U.S. [3]. Causes of the shortage of
clean water were examined with heavy emphasis placed on the problems of the U.S.
Among the solutions that the aurhor suggests are desalination and weather modifi
cation [4]. The trend of the future and solution to the water crisis will come prim
arily from increasing emphasis placed on tapping underground reservoirs and desali
nation of seawater. The solution will also involve judicions water· management [5].
WATER QUAoLITY
The 1978 Annual Book of ASTM Standards. Pt. 31: Water. has been published [6].
Reviews include the evaluation of drinking water and water quality standards [7].
water qualities of water supplies [8]. taste and chemical composition of drinking
water [9]. water quality control systems [10], criteria for the production of high
purity water [11]. water quality criteria standards [12], chemical investigation
of the expression of water quality [13], operational achievement of drinking water
quality [14]. and continuous on-stream monitoring of water quality [15].
Two mathematical models were developed for computing water quality. The eutro
phication model considers inputs-outputs, migration of the thermocline, nutrient
fixation and mineralization and sediment-water interactions. The limnological mo
del considers the dynamics of heat and mass transport. hydromechanisms and chemi
cal and biological transformations [16]. An improved computational procedure for
solving water quality management models was developed with respect to the specific
problem of basin-wide thermal and organic pollution control to meet water quality
standards [17]. The effects of nonmetallic materials on the water quality. such
as concrete, rubbers, coatings, plastics, lubricants, sealants. bitumens etc. used
in storage and transport of water are discussed [18]. Water quality criteria are
issued for 27 of the 65 pollutants listed as toxic under the Clean Water Act [19].
WATER MANAGEMENT
Recommendations and resolutions of the United Nations Water Conference in Mar
del Plata. Argentina, concerning many aspects of the development and use of water
resources, particularly from the environmental and conununal points of view. are sum
marized [20]. A discussion is given on the use of seawater resources, including
water desalination, recovery of minerals and particularly U, and use of seawater
far pollution control [21]. Other papers refer to the role of the Department of
the Interior in total water resources management [22], implications of conservation.
reclamation and desalting [23]. joint venture for technology transfer in water re
sources development [24]. The primary energy requirements far three sectors of wa
ter management: municipal water supply, municipal sewage treatment and water for
irrigation, were evaluated in siK major cities of the United States [25].
In a report of the U.S. General Accounting Office to the Congress. desalting of
water is considered as a possible solution to the lack of fresh water in many lo
cations in the Nation. The Office of Water Research and Technology should deve
lop and implement a comprehensive, well-defined saline water conversion program
plan aimed at achieving a practical, low-cost desalting method [26].
WATER REUSE
A bibliography on water reuse contains 478 abstracts. Volume 6 covers the pe
riod from May 1976 to December 1977 [27].
Selected papers dealing with water reuse include wastewater characterization
and process reliability far potable waste water reclamation [28], problems ·associ-
12
ated with the reuse of purified sewage effluents for power station cooling pur
poses [29], recycling of wastewater to make drinking water [30], modeling and si
mulation of wastewater reuse systems [31], improved methods of wastewater treat
ment [32], wastewater treatment for reuse and its contribution to water supplies
[33], treatment of purified wastewater to drinking water in Windhoek, Namibia [34],
contaminants associated with direct and indirect reuse of municipal wastewater[35],
water reuse and the membrane processes [36], reuse of wastewater in water supply
systems [37], health considerations for future water reuse[38], the role of desa
lination in water reuse [39], desalination and the reuse of agricultural drainage
waters in Saudi Arabia [40], new improvements in ultraviolet sterilization of de
salted and reuse water [41].
LITERATURE TO 1A.
1. H. Huebner, editor (E. Schmidt Verlag [1978] 500 PP.)
2. c. E. Hamilton, editor (ASTM Special Technical Publication No 422, 4th edition
[1978] 472 pp.)
3. R. J. Brown (NTIS Rept. PS-77/0947/0GA [1977])
4. D. E. Carr, Death of the Sweet Waters (W. W. Norton &C o, New York [1977] 257 pp.)
5. A. Van Dam (The Futurist 11, No 3 [1977] 163/167)
6. ASTM Standards, Pt. 31:Water (ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa. [1978] 1232 pp.)
7. K. Okazawa (Kenchiku Setsubi to Haikun Koji 14, No 5 [1976] 43/48)
8. M. Yamaguchi, K. Honda, K. Ueda (Nagasaki-ken Eisei Kogai Kenkyusho Ho 16 [1976]
84/88.-C. A. 89 [1978] 203821)
9. B. C. J. Zoeteman, G. J. Piet, C. F. H. Morra, F. E. De Grunt (Proc. 6th Int.
Symp. Olfaction Taste [1977] 421/427.-C. A. 89 [1978] 203838)
10. S. Yabe (Suishitsu Odaku no Jido Bunseki [1976] 231/246.-C. A. 89 [1978] 203822)
11. J. J. McCarthy (NTIS Rept. AD-A049032.- G. R. A. 78, No 8 [1978] 167)
12. R. J. Wells (Water Pollut. Control 77, No 1 [1978] 25/30.-C. A. 89 [1978] 94833)
13. I. Iwasaki (Kogyo Yosui 232 [1978] 13/32.-C. A. 89 [1978] 64763)
14. L. R. J. Van Vuuren, J. R. H. Hoffman (Water Pollut. Control 77, No 1 [1978]
39/44.-C. A. 89 [1978] 94834)
15. H. C. Brinkhoff (Prog. Water Technol. 9 [1978] 173/182.-C. A. 89 [1978] 65015)
16. R. G. Baca, A. F. Gasperino, A. Brandstetter, A. S. Myhres (NTIS Rept. PB-275913.
G. R. A. 78, No 7 [1978] 180)
17. L. A. Rossman, F. T. Vanecek (Water Resour. Bull. 14 [1978] 842/855.-C. A. 89
[1978] 135569)
18. N. P. Burman, J. S. Colbourne (J. Inst. Water Eng. Sci. 33, No 1 [1979] 11/18)
19. Environmental Protection Agency (Fed. Regist. 44, No 52 [1979] 15926/15981.-
C. A. 91 [1979] 26975)
20. United Nations (Publication E/CONF. 70/29, New York [1977] 186 pp.)
21. H. Arida (Kag,aku Keizai 25, No 8 [1978] 2/9)
22. J. S. Burton (Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. NWSIA, San Diego, Calif. [1977] 20 pp.)
23. R. B. Robie (Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. NWSIA, San Diego, Calif. [1977] 13 pp.)
24. Z. Bushnak (Proc. 5th Ann. Conf. NWSIA, San Diego, Calif. [1977])
25. M. Lounsbury, S. Hebenstreit, R. S. Berry (NTIS Rept. PB-288046/6GA [1978]
210 pp.- G. R. A. 79, No 5 [1979] 138)
26. u. S. General Accounting Office, Report to the Congress, 1 May 1979 (NTIS Rept.
PB-295318/0GA [1979])
27. Office of Water Research and Technology (NTIS Rept. PB-282607/1GA [1978] 420 pp.)
28. A. C. Petrasek (NTIS Rept. PB-274874 [1977].- C. A. 89 [1978] 64573)
29. R. A. Flook (Prog. Water Technol. 10, No 1-2 [1978] 105/111.-C. A. 89 [1978]
152504)
30. A. Van Haute (Ingenieursblad 47, No 7 [1978] 176/187)
31. c. L. Smith (NTIS Rept. AD-A062710/9GA [1978])
32. E. Catier (Trait. Surf. 19, No 162 [1978] 9/27)
33. H. P. Warner, J. N. English (NTIS Rept. PB-280145 [1978] 51 pp.)
34. B. Jost (Gas, Wasser, Abwasser 58, No 3 [1978] 165/166.-C. A. 89 [1978] 135436)
35. SCS Engineers (NTIS Rept. PB-280482 [1978] 359 pp.)
36. R. Quinn (Proc. 6th Ann. Conf. NWSIA, Sarasota, Florida [1978] 5 pp.)
37. G. H. Boone (Proc. 6th Ann. Conf. NWSIA, Sarasota, Florida [1978] 18 pp.)
