Table Of ContentContents Contents
Seaman’s Guide to Human
Factors, Leadership, and
Personnel Management
Seaman’s Guide to Human
Factors, Leadership, and
Personnel Management
Authored by
Jose Rodriguez Cordon
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Cordon, Jose Rodriguez, 1966- author.
Title: Seaman’s guide to human factors, leadership, and personnel management
/by Jose Rodriguez Cordon.
Description: Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2019. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2019002490| ISBN 9780367197490 (hardback : acid-free paper) |
ISBN 9780429243059 (ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Merchant marine--Manning of vessels. | Merchant
marine--Officers--Training of. | Merchant marine--Personnel management. |
Leadership--Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classification: LCC VK531 .C67 2019 | DDC 387.5068/3--dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019002490
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Contents Contents
To my family. Nothing is possible without you.
Contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................xi
Preface....................................................................................................................xiii
Author ......................................................................................................................xv
Chapter 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
References ............................................................................................3
Chapter 2 Leadership ............................................................................................5
2.1 Leadership on Board .................................................................5
2.1.1 Definitions of Leadership .............................................7
2.1.2 Focuses Centered on the Leader, Trait, or Process? ......8
2.1.3 The Trait Approach ......................................................8
2.1.4 The Leadership Styles Approach .................................9
2.1.5 Contingency Models .....................................................9
2.1.5.1 Fielder’s Model ...........................................10
2.1.5.2 Hersey and Blanchard Situational
Leadership Model .......................................10
2.1.5.3 Model of Leader Participation ....................13
2.1.5.4 Path to the Goal Model ...............................14
2.1.6 Leadership Models Focused on Followers:
Implicit Leadership Theories .....................................18
2.1.7 Leadership as a Process of Influence:
Idiosyncratic Credit Theory .......................................19
2.1.8 Charismatic Leadership .............................................20
2.1.9 Transformational Leadership and Transactional
Leadership ..................................................................21
2.1.9.1 Transformational Leadership ......................22
2.1.10 Leadership and Intergroup Relations .........................22
2.1.11 Intergroup Phenomena ...............................................23
2.1.12 Intergroup Hostility ....................................................24
2.1.13 Intergroup Harmony ...................................................25
2.1.14 Leadership and Organizational Climate ....................26
2.1.15 Leadership and Job Satisfaction .................................26
2.1.16 Cross-Cultural Leadership .........................................27
2.1.17 Leadership and Gender ..............................................28
2.1.18 Ethical Leadership and Authentic Leadership ...........28
2.2 The Evil Leadership: The Case of Maria M ...........................29
2.2.1 The Crew ....................................................................30
2.2.2 The Events ..................................................................30
2.2.3 Human Factor .............................................................30
vii
viii Contents
2.3 Leadership in Emergency Situations .......................................31
2.3.1 Decision-Making Under Pressure ..............................32
2.3.1.1 Role of the Cerebral Hemispheres in
Emergency Situations .................................32
2.3.2 Fear: Psychological Reaction to an Emergency
Situation ......................................................................33
2.3.2.1 States of Fear and Forms of Appearance ......33
2.3.2.2 Resilience (Ability to Overcome
Adversity) ....................................................34
2.3.3 Reactions in Emergency Situations ............................36
2.3.4 Verbal Communication in Emergency Situations ......36
2.3.5 Crew Training for Crowd Control ..............................37
2.3.5.1 Chaos Is Inherent in All Emergencies ........37
2.3.5.2 Training for Crowd Control ........................37
2.3.5.3 Special Emphasis on Information
for Officers ..................................................38
2.3.6 How to Inform Passengers in Case of Emergency .....38
2.3.6.1 Alarm Signals Are Not Enough ..................39
2.3.6.2 Responsibility Increases the Potential
for Action ....................................................39
2.3.6.3 Authority Is a Prerequisite in Crowd
Control ........................................................40
2.4 Catastrophe of the Estonia ......................................................40
2.4.1 The Crew ....................................................................41
2.4.2 The Events ..................................................................41
2.4.3 The Human Element ..................................................42
References ..........................................................................................42
Chapter 3 Teamwork ...........................................................................................47
3.1 Group Structure .......................................................................47
3.1.1 Effects of Group Size .................................................47
3.1.2 Effects of Group Diversity .........................................48
3.1.3 Effects of the Combination of Individuals in
the Group ....................................................................48
3.1.4 The Concept of Group Structure ................................48
3.1.4.1 Intragroup Differentiation ..........................48
3.1.4.2 Hierarchies in Groups .................................49
3.1.5 Group Regulations ......................................................49
3.1.5.1 Effects of Deviation with Respect to
the Group Norms ........................................50
3.1.5.2 The “Black Sheep” Effect ...........................50
3.1.6 Group Roles ................................................................50
3.1.7 Processes of Influence Inside Groups ........................51
3.1.7.1 Conformism ................................................51
3.1.7.2 Uncertainty and Consensus ........................52
3.1.7.3 Factors That Influence Conformism ...........52
Contents ix
3.1.8 Minority Influence ......................................................53
3.1.8.1 Mechanisms of Defense against
Minority Influence ......................................53
3.2 Productivity of the Group ........................................................54
3.2.1 Group Performance ....................................................54
3.2.2 Effects of the Public and Coercion on Productivity ......55
3.2.2.1 Effects of Coordination and
Motivation ...................................................55
3.3 Group Decision Processes: How Groups Make Decisions ......56
3.3.1 Group Polarization .....................................................57
3.3.2 Biases and Limitations in Group Decision-Making .....58
3.4 Group Thinking .......................................................................59
3.4.1 Some Highlights of Intergroup Relations ...................60
3.5 Benefits of Teamwork ..............................................................61
3.5.1 Characteristics of Effective Teams .............................61
3.5.2 Role of the Leader in Team Building .........................61
3.5.3 Stages in Team Building ............................................62
3.5.4 Skills of Team Members ............................................62
3.5.5 Self-Directed Teams ...................................................63
3.5.5.1 Formation of Self-Directed Teams .............64
3.5.5.2 Types of Self-Directed Teams ....................64
3.5.5.3 Role of the Leader in Self-Directed
Teams ..........................................................65
3.5.6 Empowerment of Teams .............................................65
3.6 Managing Diversity: Multicultural Crews ...............................65
3.6.1 Diversity and Its Effects on Groups: General
Investigations ..............................................................66
3.6.2 Cultural Dimensions ..................................................66
3.6.3 Multiculturalism in the Maritime Context .................68
3.6.3.1 Research on Multiculturalism in the
Merchant Navy ...........................................68
3.6.4 Current Panorama of the Crews .................................69
3.6.5 Challenges of Multicultural Crews.............................69
3.6.5.1 Living and Working Conditions .................69
3.6.5.2 Idiomatic Differences .................................70
3.6.6 Non-Verbal Language and Cultural Differences ........71
3.6.6.1 Ambiguous Gestures and Cultural
Differences ..................................................75
3.6.6.2 Some Negotiation Rules .............................76
3.6.6.3 Considerations of Religious Differences .......76
3.6.7 Gender Differences On Board ....................................77
3.7 When All Teamwork Fails: The Case of the Bow Mariner .......79
3.7.1 The Crew ....................................................................79
3.7.2 The Events ..................................................................79
3.7.3 The Human Factor ......................................................80
3.8 Conclusions ..............................................................................81
References ..........................................................................................81
