Table Of ContentUNIVERSITY OF CRETE -A.G. LEVENTIS FOUNDATION
IIAOEX.. .
SEA ROUTES. ..
INTERCONNECTIONS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN
16th - 6th c. BC
Proceedings of the International Symposium
held at Rethymnon, Crete
September 29th -October 2nd 2002
Editors: NICHOLAS CHR. ST AMPOLIDIS - VASS OS KARAGEORGHIS
PUBLISHED BY THE UNIVERSITY OF CRETE
AND THE A.G. LEVENTIS FOUNDATION
ATHENS 2003
CONTENTS
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS 6
ABBREVIATIONS 8
PREFACES 11
Lo Schiavo, Fulvia
Sardinia betweenE ast and West:I nterconnectionisn the Mediterranean 15
Merrillees, Robert S.
EgyptianF oreignR elations( late BronzeA ge and Iron Age) 35
Yon, Marguerite
The ForeignR elationso f Ugarit 41
Vagnetti, Lucia
The Rok of Cretei n the Exchangesb etweent he Aegeana nd the CentralM editerranean
in the SecondM i/lmnium BC 53
Snape, Steven R.
Zawiyet Umm e/-Rakhama nd EgyptianF oreignT raM in the I 3th CenturyB C 63
White, Donald
s
Mu/tum in Parvo:B ates Island on the NW Coasto f Egypt 71
Badre, Leila
Handm.tUkB urnished Warea nd ContemporaryI mportedP otteryfr om Tell Kaul 83
Lolos, Yannos G.
Cypro-MymuteanR elationse a. 1200 BC:
Point lria in the Gulf of Argosa nd Old Salamisi n the Saronic Gulf 101
Hadjisavvas, Sophocles
The Productiona nd Diffosion of Olive Oil in the Mediterranean,e a. I 500-500 BC 117
Palmer, Ruth
TraM in Wine, PerfumedO il and Foodstuffi:th e Linear B EviMncea nd Beyond 125
Muhly, James D.
TraM in Metals in the late BronzeA ge and the Iron Age 141
Matofan, Valerie
Aegeana nd Near Eastern VitreousM aterials:N ew Dataf rom Ugarit 151
J.
Barako, Tristan,
The ChangingP erceptiono f the Sea PeopksP henomenon:M igration, Invasiono r Cultural Diffosion? 163
Kanta, Athanasia
Aristocrats- Traders- Emigrants• Settkrs. Cretei n the ClosingP haseso f the BronzeA ge 173
Lemos, Irene S.
Craftsmen, Tradersa nd some Wives in Early Iron Age Greece 187
Bartoloni, Piero
The Phoeniciansa nd Carthagei n the CentralM editerraneanb etweent he 8th and the 5th CenturiesB C 197
Niemeyer, Hans Georg
On PhoenicianA rt and its Role in Trans-MediterraneanIn terconnectionse a. 1100-600 BC 201
Markoe, Glenn
PhoenicianM etalwork Abroad:a Questiono f Export or On-site Production? 209
Stampolidis, Nikolaos Chr.
On the PhoenicianP resencein the Aegean 217
Stager, Lawrence E.
PhoenicianS hipwrecksi n the DeepS ea 233
Kourou, Nota
Rhodes:t he PhoenicianI ssueR evisited Phoeniciansa t Vroulia? 249
Johnston, Alan
The Alphabet 263
Smith, Joanna S.
Writing Stylesi n Clay of the EasternM editerraneanL ate BronzeA ge 277
Smith, Joanna S.
InternationalS tyle in Mediterraneanl ate BronzeA ge Seals 291
Boardman, John
Seal Engravingi n the Mediterranean,1 000-500 BC 305
Kroll, John H.
Weights,B ullion Currency,C oinage 313
Belli, Paolo
Aspectso f Monumental FuneraryA rchitecturei n LBA Crete 325
Karageorghis, Vassos
Heroic Burialsi n Cyprusa nd other MediterraneanR egions 339
Karageorghis, Jacqueline
The Goddesso f Cyprusb etweent he Orient and the Occident 353
Bohm, Stephanie
The 'Naked Goddessi' n Early GreekA n: an Orientalizing Themep ar excellence 363
Merrillees, Robert S.
Interconnectionisn the Mediterranean1 6th -6th CenturiesB C-a Summing-up 371
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Leila Badre, AlanJ ohnston,
AUBMuseum, Cmtref or the ClassicaWl orld,
American Universityo f Beirut, Institute of ArchtUology,
Beirut, Lebanon UniversityC o/kgeL ondon,
([email protected]) Gower Street,
LondonWClE6BT, UK
TristanJ .B arako, ([email protected])
She/by White -Leon Levy Program
for ArchaeologicaPl ublications AthanasiaK anta,
10 Hazel Street, Unit #1 Departmento f Historya nd Archaeology,
SaJem, MA O1 970-4662, USA Universityo f Crete,
( [email protected]) 74100 Rechymnon, Crete, Greece
([email protected])
Piero Banoloni,
lstitutop er la Civi/taf enicia e Punica, JacquelineK arageorghis,
Via SaJaria KM. 29,500, Momelibretti, 40 Gladstone Street, P.O. Box 2543,
00016 Monterotondo Stazione, 1095 Nicosia, Cyprus
Rome, ItaJy ([email protected])
Paolo BeUi, Vassos Karageorghis,
CNR-Istitutod i Studi sulk Civi/ta de//'Egeo 40 Gladstone Street, P.O. Box 2543,
e de/ Vicinoo riente, 1095 Nicosia, Cyprus
Via Giano dela Bella I 8, 00 I 62 Roma, Italy ([email protected])
([email protected])
Nota Kourou,
John Boardman, Universityo f Athens,
The Cast Gal.kry, 9 Panagouli Street,
Ashmokan Museum, 145 62 Kifissia, Athens, Greece
Oxford, OXl 2PH, UK ( [email protected])
([email protected])
John H. Kroll,
StephanieB ohm, Departmento f Classics,
lnstitut for Archiiologie, Universityo f Texasa t Austin,
Residenzplan 2, Tor A, Austin, TX 78712-1181, USA
97070 Wiirzburg, Germany ([email protected])
([email protected])
Irene S. Lemos,
Sophocles Hadjisavvas, Departmento f Classics,
Departmento f Antiquities, Universityo f Edinburgh,
Ministry of Communicationsa nd Works, David Hume Tower, George square,
Nicosia, Cyprus Edinburgh, EH8 9JX, Scotland, UK
([email protected]) ([email protected])
6
Fulvia Lo Schiavo, Joanna S. Smith,
CNR-lstituto di Studi sulle Civilta dell'Egeo Departmento f Art Historya nd Archaeology.
e de/ Vicinoo riente, 826 Schermerhorn Hall, MC 5517,
Via Giano della Bella 18, Columbia University,
00162 Roma, Italy New York, NY 10027, USA
([email protected]) Qss245 @Columbia.edu)
Yannos G. Lolos Steven R Snape,
Universityo f loannina, Schoolo f Archaeology,
Schoolo f Philosophy, Classicas nd OrientalS tudies,
Departmento f Historya nd Archaeology, 14 Abercromby Square,
Ioannina 45110, Greece University of Liverpool,
([email protected]) Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
([email protected])
Glenn Markoe,
CincinnatiA rt Museum, Lawrence E. Stager,
953 Eden Park Drive, Departmento f Near EasternL anguages
Cincinnati, OH 45202-1596, USA and Civilizations,
([email protected]) Harvard University,
6, Divinity Avenue,
Valerie Matoian, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
37 bis Rue Rouelle, ([email protected])
75015 Paris, France
Nikolaos Chr. Stampolidis,
Robert S. Merrillees, Departmento f Historya nd Archaeology,
CAARI, Universityo f Crete,
11 Andreas Dimitriou Street, 741 00 Rethymnon,
1066 Nicosia, Cyprus Crete, Greece
([email protected]}
Lucia Va gnetti,
James D. Muhly, CNR-lstituto di Studi sulk Civilta dell'Egeo
AmericanS choolo f ClassicaSl tudies, e de/ Vicinoo riente,
Souidias 54, Via Giano delta Bella 18,
l 06 76 Athens, Greece 00 l 62 Roma, Italy
([email protected]) ([email protected])
Hans Georg Niemeyer, Donald White,
Archiiologischlenss titut C/o UniversityM useum,
der UniversitiitH amburg, Universityo f Pennsylvania,
Johsallee 35, 33rd and Spruce Streets,
020 l 48 -Hamburg, Germany Philadelphia, PA l 9104-6324, USA
([email protected]) ([email protected])
Ruth Palmer, Marguerite Yon,
Departmento f Classics, Maison de /'Orient Mediterraneen,
Ohio University, lnstitut F Courby.
210 Ellis Hall, 7 Rue RauJin,
Athens, OH 45701-2977, USA F-69365 Lyon -Cedex 7, France
([email protected]) ([email protected])
7
ABBREVIATIONS
Bibliographic
M Archaologischer Anzeiger
AM Athens Annals of Archaeology
AD ApxalOAOytKO&VA dov
AE Apxa10AOytKE1q1n nu:p(c;
A/0 Archiv fur Orientforschung
AJA American Journal of Archaeology
AM Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaologischen lnstituts, Athenische Abteilung
AOAT Alter Orient und Altes Testament
AR Archaeological Reports
ASAtme Annuario del Scuola archeologica di Atene e delle Missioni icaliane in Oriente
BAR-IS British Archaeological Repons, International Series
BASOR Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research
BdArch Bollettino d'Archeologia
BCH Bulletin de Correspondance Hellenique
B/CS Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies, University of London
BSA Annual of the British School at Athens
CAH Cambridge Ancient History
CEFR Collection de l'Ecole Frarn;aise de Rome
CMS Corpus der Minoischen und Mykenischen Siegel
CRAJ Comptes rendus des seances de l'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles-lemes
EJA European Journal of Archaeology
HBA Hamburger Beitrage zur Archaologie
/Ej Israel Exploration Journal
/}NA Internacional Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration
lst.Mitt. Mineilungen des Deucschen Archaologischen lnstituts, Iscanbuler Abceilung
}ARCE Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt
Jdl Jahrbuch des Deutschen Archaologischen lnstituts
}EA Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
}FA Journal of Field Archaeology
JHS Journal of Hellenic Studies
}MA Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology
JNES Journal of Near Eastern Studies
JRGZM Jahrbuch des Romisch-Germanischen Zencralmuseums, Mainz
Kr.Chron. KprrnKaX povtKQ
MM Madrider Mitteilungen
8
OJA Oxford Journal of Archaeology
OpArch Opuscula Archaeologica
OpAth. Opuscula Atheniensia
PAE TipanLKa UJ<E; vA Eh,vaL<A;p xmoAoyt"'l<;f ampla<;
PBSR Papers of the British School at Rome
PdP Parola del Passato
PEQ Palescine Exploration Quanerly
PZ Prahistorische Zeitschrift
RB Revue Biblique
RDAC Repon of the Department of Antiquities, Cyprus
RM Micteilungen des Deucschen Archaologischen lnsticucs, Romische Abceilung
RSF Rivista di Scudi Fenici
SCE Swedish Cyprus Expedition
SEG Supplementum Epigraphicum Graecum
SIMA Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology
SMEA Scudi micenei ed egeo-anacolici
St.Etr. Studi Etruschi
ZA Zeitschrift filr Assyriologie und vorderastiatische Archaologie
ZPE Zeitschrift filr Papyrologie und Epigraphik
Chronological
EBA Early Bronze Age
MBA Middle Bronze Age
LBA Lace Bronze Age
RBA Recent Bronze Age
FBA Final Bronze Age
EC Early Cyprioce (Bronze Age)
MC Middle Cyprioce (Bronze Age)
LC Lace Cyprioce (Bronze Age)
LH Late Helladic
LM Late Minoan
EIA Early Iron Age
9
Sponsorso f the Symposium
MINISTRY OF CULTURE
MINISTRY OF THE AEGEAN
UNIVERSITY OF CRETE
GRECOTEL S.A.
Organizers
UNIVERSITY OF CRETE
A.G. LEVENTIS FOUNDATION
10
PREFACE
In May 1997 an international symposium was organized in Heraklion, Crete, on the 'Eastern
Mediterranean: Cyprus-Dodecanese-Crete, 16th-6th century BC'. The proceedings, as well as the cata
logue of an exhibition with the same title which took place at the Archaeological Museum of Herak
lion, were published in Greek and English one year later, in 1998. At chat time the organizers did
not fully realize how much further this initiative would develop, and how broad are the horizons
which are opening up. The success of both the symposium and the exhibition was completed with
the display of the same exhibition in the Musei Capitolini in Rome, in 2001, with the publication of
a short catalogue in Italian.
In 1999 the Spanish cultural foundation 'La Caixa' suggested to Vassos Karageorghis the organi
zation of an exhibition and an associated symposium in Barcelona on a theme related to the role of
Cyprus in the development of Mediterranean civilization. He proposed a broader topic, covering
1nterconnections in the Medite"anean, from 1600 to 600 BC'. The preparation of this project was
already at an advanced stage and a number of colleagues from various parts of the world had already
committed themselves to participate, when the organizers decided that they were unable to see it
materialize, for reasons which do not concern the readers of the present volume. However, develop
ing out of the preliminary work which had already been completed, planning started in the year
2000 on a second international conference on behalf of the University of Crete and the A.G. Leven
tis Foundation, with the full cooperation and support of the Greek Ministry of the Aegean and Min
istry of Culture. This conference, like the earlier one, was held at Rethymno in Crete from 29th
September to 2nd October 2002, with the participation of scholars specializing in this crucial period
of one thousand years in the Mediterranean, from the beginning of the Late Bronze Age to the
Archaic period. Following the previous tradition, an exhibition will follow on the theme 'Illoe<;:
from Sidon to Huelva. Interconnections in the Medite"anean, 16th-6th century BC: This will be held
in the Museum of Cycladic Art in Athens, from May to October 2003, under the aegiso f the Cul
tural Olympiad. It will bring before the public not only the results of the scholarly symposium but
also the evidence of material culture which constitutes the tangible part of our history.
We would like to thank most warmly those who helped us to organize the symposium: the Greek
Ministry of Culture and Ministry of the Aegean, the University of Crete and the A.G. Leventis
Foundation; also the GRECOTEL company of the Nicos Daskalantonakis family for their warm
hospitality.
We owe particular thanks to Dr. Ian A. Todd who edited the texts of the communications and
the discussions at the end of each communication and Yorgos T assoulas who helped this edition and
transcribed the text of the discussion from the tape-recordings.
V. Karageorghis N. Chr. Stampolidis
A. G. Leventis Foundation University of Crete
11
Sponsoro f the PubliC4tion
JJi
JT INTERNATIONAL HEU.AS
12
