Table Of ContentSEA MANAGEMENT.
A THEORETICAL APPROACH
To commemorate
the Quincentenary of the Discovery of the Americas
the Twentieth Anniversary of the United Nations
Conference on the Human Environment
the Tenth Anniversary of the United Nations
Convention on the Law of the Sea
Published with the collaboration of
ENTE COLOMBO ’92, Genoa, Italy
Colombo ’92
ESPOSIZIONE DI GENOVA,
SEA MANAGEMENT.
A THEORETICAL APPROACH
ADALBERTO VALLEGA
Institute of Geographical Sciences
University of Genoa,
Genoa, Italy
) Taylor & Francis
j
Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
Taylor & Francis
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, 0X14 4RN
Transferred to Digital Printing 2005
English linguistic assistance
Arthur Lomas
Hance D. Smith
Maps and graphics
Paolo Cornaglia
Nicoletta Varani
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Vallega, Adalberto
Sea Management: A Theoretical Approach
I. Title
333.91
ISBN 1-85166-772-5
Library of Congress CIP data applied for
No responsibility is assumed by the Publisher for any injury and/or damage to persons or property
as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods,
products, instructions or ideas contained in the material herein.
Special regulations for readers in the USA
This publication has been registered with the Copyright Clearance Center Inc. (CCC), Salem,
Massachusetts. Information can be obtained from the CCC about conditions under which photo
copies of parts of this publication may be made in the USA. All other copyright questions, including
photocopying outside the USA, should be referred to the publisher.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without the prior written permission of the publisher.
PREFACE
This book has been conceived with the aim of contributing to the International
Conference on Ocean Management in Global Change (Genoa, June 22-26,
1992) and to the ocean sciences’ debate on the conceptual framework and targets
of sea management. The former objective is justified by the background of the
Conference, which is aimed at encouraging a multidisciplinary approach to the
management of the sea and implementing comprehensive approaches to sea
resource use and environmental protection and conservation. The latter objec
tive is justified by the growing importance which literature has been attributing
to the theoretical and methodological bases of sea management since the late
Seventies.
The thesis which supports this work is that the more marine scientists are
capable of moving towards a general system-based approach to sea uses and
environmental implications, making holistic views, and creating common forms
for implementing multidisciplinary views, the more sea management will have
the opportunity of advancing.
My thanks are due to Stella Maris Vallejo and Moritaka Hayashi, United
Nations Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, and Hance D. Smith,
Department of Maritime Studies of the University of Wales (Cardiff), for their
stimulating conversations about the background and goals of sea management,
to Alberto Bemporad, the General Commissioner of the Specialized Interna
tional Exhibition “Christopher Columbus: Ships and the Sea”, and Giorgio
Doria, the Co-ordinator of the Technical-Scientific Committee of the Ente
Colombo 92, who encouraged me to offer this contribution to the scientific
debate which is expected in the context of the Celebrations of the Quincentenary
of the Discovery of the Americas.
Adalberto Vallega
The University of Genoa, Italy
v
ABBREVIATIONS
CAM Coastal Area Management
CZM Coastal Zone Management
DIESA United States Department of International Economic and Social
Affairs, United Nations
dwt deadweight tons
EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone
EFZ Exclusive fishery Zone
GESAMP Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Pollution
(UN system)
ICSU International Council of Scientific Unions
I FI AS International Federation of Institutes for Advanced Studies
I GBP International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme, UNESCO
IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO
ISSC International Social Science Council, UNESCO
m metre
MARPOL Convention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea from Ships
nm nautical mile
OALOS Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, United Nations
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OM Ocean Management
OAM Ocean Area Management
OETB Ocean Economics and Technology Branch, United Nations
OTEC Ocean Thermal Electric Plant
sq square
UN United Nations
UNCLOS United Nation Conference on the Law of the Sea
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
CONTENTS
P reface......................................................................................................... v
Abbreviations....................................................................................................... vi
Chapter 1 THE THEORETICAL CONTEXT
1.1 The scientific importance of sea management..................... 1
1.2 From the coastal area to the ocean........................................... 1
1.3 The theoretical background: from the structure to the system. . 8
1.4 The general system-based approach.................................... 13
1.5 Explaining management: two criteria.................................... 21
1.6 Concluding remarks: the dilemma........................................... 22
Chapter 2 THE EVOLUTION OF THE NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
2.1 Margins and ocean areas.......................................................... 24
2.2 Evolving continental margins................................................... 28
2.3 The dynamics of the water column in sea management . . . 31
2.4 Cyclical analysis: progress in explanation............................ 34
2.5 The responses from the evolving marine ecosystem . . . . 42
Chapter 3 THE EVOLUTION OF SOCIETY
3.1 The evolution of society: historical stages............................ 46
3.2 The spatial dimension: diffusion processes............................ 53
3.3 Coastal industrialization: generations of MIDAs..................... 55
3.4 Organisational phases in maritime transportation. . . . 57
3.5 Oil and gas: the birth of offshore industry............................ 59
3.6 Concluding rem arks.................................................................. 61
Chapter 4 LEGAL FRAMEWORKS AND THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
4.1 The claiming of jurisdictional z o n e s .................................... 63
4.2 Internal waters and territorial seas........................................... 65
4.3 The continental shelf................................................................. 69
4.4 The Exclusive Economic Zone................................................... 73
4.5 The 200 nautical mile line.......................................................... 76
4.6 Beyond the national jurisdictional zones.................................... 79
4.7 Ocean areas as international zones........................................... 82
Chapter 5 THE SEA USE STRUCTURE
5.1 Starting p o in ts......................................................................... 88
5.2 The sea structure as a whole: the sea use framework . . . . 89
vii
viii CONTENTS
5.3 The use-use relationship m o d e l..................................................... 96
5.4 The sea use-environment relationship mode...............................................101
Chapter 6 MANAGING THE SEA USE STRUCTURE
6.1 The role of the external environment......................................................104
6.2 The organisational levels of the sea use structure........................................107
6.3 Towards management p a tte rn s..............................................................110
6.4 The programmes for regional seas..............................................................115
Chapter 7 THE COASTAL USE STRUCTURE
7.1 Introductory remarks............................................. 119
7.2 The coastal area: a teleology-based view......................................................125
7.3 The delimitation of the coastal area: a goal-based approach . 127
7.4 The coastal use framework............................................................................130
7.5 The coastal use-use relationship model......................................................137
7.6 The coastal use-environment relationship model.......................................141
Chapter 8 MANAGING THE COASTAL AREA
8.1 The management system ............................................................................147
8.2 The role of the external environment......................................................150
8.3 The objectives of coastal management: area and region . . . 156
8.4 Urban waterfront: the core of the coastal a re a ........................................159
Chapter 9 THE OCEAN USE STRUCTURE
9.1 The nature of the issue..................................................................................163
9.2 The extent of the ocean area: the natural environment . . 165
9.3 The extent of the ocean area: legal and organisational contexts 167
9.4 The island world .....................................................168
9.5 Ocean management: main g o a ls ..............................................................171
9.6 The ocean use structure: use framework.....................................................175
9.7 The ocean use-use relationship m odel.....................................................175
9.8 The ocean use-environment relationship model......................................176
Chapter 10 MANAGING THE OCEAN AREA
10.1 The ocean management sy ste m .............................................................185
10.2 The external environment............................................................................190
10.3 The conceptual issue: ocean area and ocean region . . . . 197
10.4 Looking for conclusions.................................................................. 199
Conclusions........................................................... 201
R eferences..........................................................................................................209
CONTENTS ix
A ppendices..........................................................................................................216
A Sea use framework...........................................................................................216
B Sea management patterns............................................................................227
C Regional Seas Programme: status of regional agreements . . . 232
D The coastal use framework............................................................................236
E The ocean use framework............................................................................24S
Index.........................................................................................................................251
