Table Of Content

SEA-FINDINGBEHAVIOR ANDTHEUSEOFPHOTICORIENTATIONCUES BYHATCHLINGSEATURTLES By BLAIRE.WITHERINGTON ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1992 UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAUBRARIE ToCharlesandJeanWitherington,PaulS.Olmstead,andJoMiranda ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS FirstandforemostIthankmyparentsCharlesandJeanWitherington,grandfather PaulS.Olmstead,andJoMiranda,whoseloveandencouragementstrengthenedmy resolvetopursuethistask. FurtherthanksandadmirationgotomymajoradvisorKaren Bjomdalwhoofferedbothtechnicalandphilosophicaladvicethesepastyearsofstudy. I alsoamgratefultomyothercommitteemembers,JaneBrockmann,JohnKaufmann, HarveyLillywhite,andFranklinPercival,andtoAlanBoltenwho,althoughnotlistedon mycommittee,providedinvaluablecounselonarangeofsubjects. MyfieldworkinCostaRicahingedontheguidanceandaidofKazuoHorikoshi, CarlosDiez,PerrenRoss,AnnyChavez,MarioandDianaAlvarado,andElver Gutierrez. Likewise,myeffortsinFloridaatCapeCanaveral,MelbourneBeach,Indian RiverCounty,andDelrayBeachwereassistedbyCathyandDaveMcCabe,RayCarthy, RichardOwen,JamieGuseman,SteveJohnson,MarkRoberts,PaulRaymond,Rick Boschen,DonGeorge,MarkMercadante,MikeSalmon,BarbaraSchroeder,Jeanette Wyneken,ToddHolderfield,WarrenHancock,andLewEhrhartandhisstudents. Iam especiallygratefulforaccesstothestudyareasofLewEhrhart,CherylRyder,andMike Horton,andtothecomputerofKazuoHorikoshi. Forhelpwith.theconstructionof apparatusIthankJohnPipkins,andfortheuseoftheLicorspectroradiometerIthank JaneProvanchaandRayWheelerofBionetics. ui TheFloridaDepartmentofNaturalResources,BrevardCountyCommission,Cape CanaveralAirForceStation,andtheServiciodeParquesNacionalesdeCostaRicaall grantedpermitsunderwhichIconductedmywork. Specialassistancewasofferedby RossWilcoxofFloridaPowerandLightCompany,andEarlPossardtoftheU.S.Fish andWildlifeService. IamgratefultoArchieCarr,whointroducedmetothezoology graduateprogramattheUniversityofFlorida,andfortheirinputonmyideasIthank NicholasMrosovsky,MikeSalmon,andJeanneMortimer. Myworkwasfundedby FloridaPowerandLightCompany,theNationalFishandWildlifeFoundation,theU.S. FishandWildlifeService,Greenpeace,theCaribbeanConservationCorporation,andthe U.S.AirForce. IV TABLEOFCONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iii LISTOFTABLES viii LISTOFFIGURES ix ABSTRACT xiv CHAPTERS 1INTRODUCTION 1 2TEMPORALPATTERNOFNOCTURNAL EMERGENCEFROMNATURALNESTS 5 Introduction 5 Methods 5 ResultsandDiscussion 6 3ORIENTATIONWITHRESPECTTO LIGHTINTENSITYANDWAVELENGTH 11 Introduction H Methods 14 Hatchlings 14 LightMeasurements 15 BeachHatchlingReleases 16 Two-choiceColorPreferenceExperiments 17 Apparatus 17 Treatments 19 CircularPitfall-arenaExperiments 21 Apparatus 21 Treatments 22 BeachCylinderExperiments 24 Apparatus 24 Treatments 24 v Results 25 BeachHatchlingReleases 25 Two-choiceColorPreferenceExperiments 27 Hatchlingbehavior 27 Adjustablesourcevs.standardsource 28 Adjustablesourcevs.darkenedwindow 28 CircularPitfall-arenaExperiments 29 BeachCylinderExperiments 30 Discussion 31 SpectralInformationontheNestingBeach 31 RangeofSpectralSensitivity 32 SpectralQualityAssessment 35 SpectralImplicationsforBrightness 39 4ORIENTATIONWITHRESPECTTO LIGHTDIRECTION,SHAPEANDPOLARITY 91 Introduction 91 Methods 96 Hatchlings 96 AzimuthalAngleofAcceptanceExperiments 96 Apparatusandlightmeasurements 96 Treatments 98 VerticalAnglePreferenceExperiments 99 Apparatusandlightmeasurements 99 Treatments 100 HatchlingOrientationandARDBeachMeasurements 101 FormVisionAbilityExperiments 102 Apparatusandlightmeasurements 102 Treatments 102 FormVisionDeprivationExperiments 104 Apparatus 104 Treatments 104 PolarizationPreferenceExperiments 105 Apparatusandlightmeasurements 105 Treatments 106 Results 107 AzimuthalAngleofAcceptanceExperiments 107 VerticalAnglePreferenceExperiments 107 HatchlingOrientationandARDBeachMeasurements 108 FormVisionAbilityExperiments 109 Stripes-grayexperiments 109 Black-white-grayexperiment 110 FormVisionDeprivationExperiments Ill PolarizationPreferenceExperiments Ill Discussion 112 vi DirectionalImplicationsforBrightness 112 TestsofBrightestDirectionOrientation 115 FormVisionvs.BrightestDirectionOrientation 116 5EFFECTSOFANTHROPOGENICLIGHTING ONSEA-FINDINGORIENTATION 161 Introduction 161 Methods 164 Hatchlings 164 CommercialLightingExperiments,LoggerheadHatchlings 165 CommercialLightingExperiments,GreenTurtleHatchlings 167 Light-mixingExperiments 169 OrientationandLightMeasurementsonaLightedBeach 170 Results 172 CommercialLightingExperiments,LoggerheadHatchlings 172 CommercialLightingExperiments,GreenTurtleHatchlings 173 Light-mixingExperiments 173 OrientationandLightMeasurementsonaLightedBeach 174 Discussion 175 CommercialLightingandHatchlingOrientation 175 ImplicationsforSeaTurtleConservation 178 6SUMMARYANDCONCLUSIONS 229 REFERENCELIST 234 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 241 vii LISTOFTABLES Table3-1. Lightsourceradianceandirradiancerequiredtoevokesignificant orientationingroupsof30loggerheadhatchlings 41 Table3-2. Meanangleanddirectivity(r)forgroupsof30loggerheadhatchlings . 42 Table4-1. Resultsofmultiplecomparisontestsamongtreatmentgroupsin verticalanglepreferenceexperiments 120 Table5-1. Illuminancelevels(inlux)measuredatthecenter(hatchlingrelease point)ofthebeachorientationarenaprecedinglight-mixingexperiments... 181 Table5-2. Resultsofnonparametrictestsfordirectionanddispersionbetween experimentalandcontroltreatmentgroupsofhatchlingloggerheads releasedatthecenterofacirculararena 182 vm LISTOFFIGURES Figure2-1. Temporaldistributionofloggerheadhatchlingemergenceevents .... 9 Figure3-1. SchematicdiagramoftheV-mazeandlightsourcesusedintwo- choice,colorpreferenceexperiments 43 Figure3-2. Relativetransmittanceof13interferencefiltersusedinexperiments withcoloredlight 45 Figure3-3. Schematicdiagramofthelightsourceandarenausedincircular pitfall-arenaexperiments 47 Figure3-4. Spectrallighttransmittancefortheclearacryliccylinderusedin beachcylinderexperiments 49 Figure3-5. Spectrallighttransmittancefortheclearacryliccylinderwithblue acetatefilterusedinbeachcylinderexperiments 51 Figure3-6. Spectraltransmittancefortheclearacryliccylinderwithgray-tint filmusedinbeachcylinderexperiments 53 Figure3-7. Irradiancespectratakenontheloggerheadnestingbeachnear LaunchComplex16,CapeCanaveralAirForceStation,Florida, onthenightof26-27August1990,0010-0025 55 Figure3-8. Irradiancespectratakenontheloggerheadnestingbeachnear CameraRoadA,CapeCanaveralAirForceStation,onthenightof 26-27August1990,0140-0155 57 Figure3-9. Irradiancespectratakenontheloggerheadnestingbeach5.7km southofSebastianInletinIndianRiverCounty,Florida,onthe nightof6-7August1990,2310-2320 59 Figure3-10. Irradiancespectratakenontheloggerheadnestingbeach5.7km southofSebastianInletinIndianRiverCounty,Florida,onthe nightof27-28August1990,0130-0240 ’ 61 ix Figure3-11. Irradiancespectratakeninthedirectionoftheocean(160°)onthe loggerheadnestingbeachnearCameraRoadA,CapeCanaveral AirForceStation,Florida,atsunriseonthemorningof29August 1990 63 Figure3-12. Irradiancespectratakeninthedirectionofthesun(80°)onthe loggerheadnestingbeachnearCameraRoadA,CapeCanaveral AirForceStation,Florida,atsunriseonthemorningof29August 1990 65 Figure3-13. Irradiancespectratakeninthedirectionofthedune(340°)onthe loggerheadnestingbeachnearCameraRoadA,CapeCanaveral AirForceStation,Florida,atsunriseonthemorningof29August 1990 67 Figure3-14. Theproportionof30loggerheadhatchlingsreleasedintheV-maze choosingalightsourcevaryingamongthewavelengthsand intensitiesspecified(adjustablesource),overasourceofconstant colorandintensity(standardsource) 69 Figure3-15. Theproportionof30greenturtlehatchlingsreleasedintheV-maze choosingtheadjustablesourceoverthestandardsource 71 Figure3-16. Theproportionof30hawksbillhatchlingsreleasedintheV-maze choosingtheadjustablesourceoverthestandardsource 73 Figure3-17. Theproportionof30oliveridleyhatchlingsreleasedintheV-maze choosingtheadjustablesourceoverthestandardsource 75 Figure3-18. Theproportionof30hatchlingsofeachoffourseaturtlespecies choosingtheadjustablelightsourceatanintensityof17.2logunits forthewavelengthsspecified,overadarkenedwindow 77 Figure3-19. Circularhistogramsshowingtheorientationofloggerhead hatchlingsreleasedwithinthecircularpitfall-arena 79 Figure3-20. Circularhistogramsoftheorientationofloggerheadhatchlings releasedwithinthecircularpitfall-arena 81 Figure3-21. Behavioralsensitivityofloggerheadhatchlingstospectrallightas measuredbytheinverseofthelightsourceradiancerequiredto evokeasignificantorientationdistribution 83 Figure3-22. Circularhistogramsoftheorientationofloggerheadhatchlings releasedwithinthecircularpitfall-arena. Thefigureshowsboth attractionandaversionresponses g5 x

Sea-finding behavior and the use of photic orientation cues by hatchling sea turtles PDF

258 Pages·1992·7.1 MB·English

by Witherington, Blair E., 1962-

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