SE 017 452 Space Technology: Propulsion, Control and Guidance of Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala ...

187 Pages·2007·3.77 MB·English

DOCUMENT RESUME
ED 111 615
SE 017 452
AUTHOR
Sayler, D. S.; Mackin, T.
E.
TITLE
Space Technology: Propulsion, Control and Guidance of
Space Vehicles. Aerospace Education III.
INSTITUTION
Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior Rederve Office
Training Corps.
PUB DATE
72
NOTE
187p.; Colored drawings may not reproduce clearly.
For the accom,panying Instructor Hamdbook, see SE 017
453
EDRS PRICE
MF-$0.76 HC-$9.51 Plus postage
DESCRIP
*Aerospace Education; *Aerospace Technology; Energy;
*Fundamental Concepts; *Instructional Materials;
*Physical Sciences; Secondary Education; Technology;
Textbooks
IDENTIFIERS
*Air Force Junior ROTC
ABSTRACT
This book, one 1, the series on Aerospace Education
III, includes a discussion of the essentials of propulsion, control,
and guidance and the conditions of space travel. Chapter 1 provides a
brief account of basic laws of celestial mechanics. Chapters 2, 3,
and 4 are devoted to the chemical principles of propulsion. Included
are the basics of thrust, the differences betWeen solid and liquid
propellant engines, devices for generating electrical power in space,
the potentialities of nuclear and electric rockets and thrust and
'thrust-vector controls. Chapter 5 is entitled
"Control and Guidance
Systems" and deals with topics such as servomechanisms and computers,
types of guidance systems, and position fixing or celestial
navigation. The final chapter includes &,._discussion of suborbital,
earth orbital, lunar, and interplanetary flight. The book is designed
for the Air Force Junior ROTC program.
(PS)
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0
Propulsion, Control and Guidance of Space Vehicles
U S DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH
EDUCATION & WELFARE
NATIONAL INSTITUTE 8F
EDUCATION
THIS DOCUMENT HAS SEEN REPRO
DUCEO EXACTLY AS RECEIVED FROM
THE PERSON OR ORGANiZATION ORIGIN
ATINO IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPINIONS
STATED DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRE
SENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF
EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY
1"
)
Aerospace Education III
Space Technology:
.,.
4
Vehicles
Propulsion. Control and Guidance of .Space
D S SAVLER
ger
and
T E MACKIN
Academic Publications Division
i Aademic i
3825th Support Group
AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC
AIR UNIVERSITY
MAXWELL AIR FORCE BASE, ALABAMA
.0
i.
1
(
1972
This
publication has been reviewed and approved by
vesper's
le
personnel of the Air University in accordance with
current directives
on doctrine, policy, essentiality,
propriety and quality
This book will not be offered for sole.
is for use only in the Alf
It
Forc ROTC progrom
We gratefully acknowledge the contribution of
Mai Rodney V Coy,
Jr
AE-III Course DtPeetor, AFJROTC to the development
of this text
a
6
Preface
traveling around the earth
Two SPACE VEHICLES are
thousand miles
in the same orbital pathway, one a
vehicle catch up
behind the other. How can the rear
accomplish a rendezvous?
with the one in front to
rearward to increase its
Does it apply rocket thrust
Or does it thrust
velocity? That would seem logical.
1----
"retrothrust?" That
forward for braking effect or
illogical, but it happens to be
would seem completely
the right answer.
flight do indeed seem
The laws governing space
laws that Galileo,
peculiar, but they are the same
centuries ago. In this
Kepler, and Newton discovered
student
without overwhelming the
text, we shall strive,
other technicalities, to provide
with mathematics and
between natural
understanding of the interplay
a better
the'
which travel beyond
and man-made forces by
around the earth, to the
earth's atmospherein orbit
planetsis accomplished.
moon, or to other
Aerospace Education
Although other volumes in the
is
and space vehicles, this
series have dealt 4th space
of
forth the -essentials
the first that attempts to set
guidance and the conditions
propulsion, control, and
of space travel in a systematic way.
interesting questions: Why
Here are some more
-300° or
propellants down to
bother chilling liquid
normal
others that work at
-400° F. when there are
space vehicle by
temperatures? Why not propel a
should
chemical energy? Why
electrical rather than
different pathway through space
such a vehicle follow a
vehicle? If sight-
than that of a chemically-propelled
vehicle's
distant star establishes a
ing to the earth and a
the surface of a cone,
location in space somewhere on
its-location?
be made to fix
what further sightings must
5
These are the kinds of
practical questions that
study
of this unit can
answer.
$eginning with the basic laws
of celestial mechanics,
the i text discusses chemical
propulsion; the basics of
thrtist; the differences
between solid and liquid
pro-
pellhnt engines; devices
for generating electri6a1
power
in
pace; the potentialities of nuclear
and electric
rockets; thrust and thrust-vector
controls; servomech-
anisms and
computers; and command, inertial,
and
celestial guidance. In
the final chapter, the discussion
returns to celestial mechanics and
compares the char-
acteristics of suborbital (missile
and sounding rocket),
earth orbital, lunar, a'nd
interplanetary flight.
N There is much in these subjects to fire the
imagina-
tion, but our
purpose is to be realistic. If not "down
to
earth," we shall at least
stay within the solar
system.
The story told here is
not a science-fiction movie of
voyages to distant galaxies but
a practical view of what
man has already accomplished
or is likely to accom-
plish within the next few
decades.
iv
6
,,/
Content ,.
III
.
PR1 I A( F
EMI( 1.1 S IN 11 ROSP M., L
i'-- \
1
( //MA',
2
Some Seventeenth Century Laws
.
2
Gravity and Gravitation
.
4
Motion
Kepler's Laws of Planetary
5
Newton's Laws of Motion
.
6
Explanation of Terms
7
Vehicles in Air
8
Propulsion
9
Aircraft Control
11
Missiles and Spacecraft in Air
12
Vehicles in Space
13
Propulsion
.
16
Control and Guidance
17
Summary
\ N D 11:11-.
: CHI -Al IC \I
PR 01L1.S1ON
( 11(,;'io
21
BASICS OF THRUST
.
.
22
Oxidation and Combustion
22
Reducr ers
Oxidizers and
24
Oxidation
Nature and Effects of
26
.
Combustion for Propulsion
.
.
26
Qualities of a Good Propellant
.
28
Pressuk and Mass Flow
.
30
Design
.
Basic Rocket Motor
30
Overall, Design
31
More About the Nozzle
33
Som Basics of Thrust
34
t is Thrust'
34
ific Impulse
S
36
Launch Propulsion
38
Ratio
Mass
.,-
..
trust
-to- Weight RatioThe
37
.
Lift-off Problem
.
.
.
41
.
.
Gross:Veight-To-Payload Ratio
,44
Velocity Gain (AV)
45
Summary
v
7
,,,
1,.....11/
C.:HEMICAI. PROPULSION S\ S FENN
49
.
......
Solid-Propellant Systems
49
Historical Background
50
Solid Propellants
52
.
.
Motor DesignGrain Shape and
Thrust
Control
54
Applications of Solid Propulsion
58
Liquid-Propellant Systems
59
Historical Background
60
Liquid Propellants
61
The -Liquid Rocket Engine
64
Other Chemical Systems
66
Hybrid Systems
67
Ramjet, Scramjet, and Scramlace
67
Summary
70
napter 4BEYOND C HEMIC AL PROPULSION
75
Propulsion in Space
76
Electric Power in Space Vehicles
80
Chemical and Solar Power Sources
81
.
Systems for Nuclear Auxiliary
Power (SNAP)
85
Electric Rocket Propulsion
88
Specific Impulse in Electric Propulsion
89
Types of Electric Rocket Engines
90
.
Nuclear and Other Advanced
Propulsion Systems
94
NERVA
95
Gp Core Nuclear Rockets
96
Deep Space Machines and Other Daydreams
99
Sumniary
100
(-t )\ 'ROI \NI) (,C II) \\ CE S). STEMS
11,,l'rt
105
.
Physical Control of Space Vehicles
106
Main Engine Thrust Modulation
and Termination
108
Thrust Vector and Attitude Control
109
Servomechanisms and Computers
112
Some Everyday Comparisons
112
Computers
114
vi
117
Guidance of Space Vehicles
119
The Launch Phase
119
The Midcourse Phase
120
The Terminal Phase
121
Types of Guidance Systems
122
Command Guidance
Inertial Guidance .....
123
128
Navigation
Position Fixing or Celestial
132
Summary
137
SPA(f
P 1 I HVs AN S II-IRMA-di
( hap/0
138
Velocity Requirements
.
.
139
Burnout Velocit) Requirements
139
Total Velocity Requirements
141
Suborbital Trajectories
141
Ballistic Missile Flights
143
Sounding Rocket Flights
Earth Orbits, Transfers, and
144
Ground Tracks
146
Elliptical Orbits
148
Transfers
Circular Orbits and Coplanar
Non-coplanar Transfers and
15.l _
Ground Tracks
156
To the Moon and Beyond
.
157
Velocity Requirement Again
158
Lunar Voyages
164'
Voyages to the Planets
.
172
-Summary
177
\
I
vii
9
*have acquired in
THIS CHAPTER reviews and builds upon, background you
Course. first the basic laws of
previous units 4, the Aerospace Education
the conditions of
Set -forth.
Then
ars
--.PlelleforY.,x1Olipn_prld gravitation
icribia;-1
in issifii
aerodynamic flight for both aircraft and
flight, which will be
parallel section introducing the conditions of space
a
chapters. Upon completion of this chapter, you
more fully described in later
three -laws of planetary
should be able to do the following: (1) list Kepler's
of motion and apply them to
motion; (2) list Newton's three general laws
air, and in spacer (3) review the
examples of motion an the Aground, in
ircictiriii spacecraft and (4) corn
whether of
principles of reaction -motors,
and in space with regard to
par« the conditions of motion in atmosph
needs
ning, and
airfoils and stria
propulsion
control, Kilian,
vehicle
for launch and flight.
the marvels of exploration
IN THIS UNIT, while we consider
must at the same
of the moon, the planets, and outer space, we
earth. There are practical con-
time bring our minds down to
of vehicle movement. Previously
cepts to cons,iderthe ABCs
reviewed as we move on to
encountered facts and ideas dust be
the .new.
subject
unit should make clear what the
of this
The title
vehicle, or
is the force which moves a
matter will be. There
propulsion
regulating this
propulsion. There are the means of
Finally there are the means
and steering a vehicle, or control.
vehicle's control mechanism purpose-
of navigating or using the
guidance. A topic
fully to get from one place to another, or
orbits
guidance of spacecraft
is
closely related to control and
and trajectories.
1
10