Table Of ContentSCREENWRITING FOR
MICRO-BUDGET FILMS
Screenwriting for micro-budget films can present its own challenges
and this book takes the reader through all the considerations that
need to be made to write an effective screenplay for a low-budget
film.
Drawing on his own experience, case studies from films such as
Primer, Coherence and Reservoir Dogs, as well as the perspectives
of working screenwriters such as Joe Swanberg and Alex Ross-Perry,
Greenberg explores common pitfalls screenwriters face and suggests
practical solutions. This book lays the groundworks of the realities of
low-budget filmmaking and also talks through the practical aspects,
such as story structure and genre considerations. Greenberg makes
the process of writing a screenplay for a low-budget film accessible
and creative, allowing student and independent filmmakers to tailor
their writing for their films.
This book is ideal for aspiring screenwriters, independent
filmmakers and students of screenwriting.
David J. Greenberg teaches screenwriting at Drexel University and
the University of the Arts in Philadelphia. He has written nearly
60 screenplays for features, documentaries and shorts. He wrote and
directed the feature Stomping Ground (2016) which was produced
for $18,000 and shot in 24 hours.
SCREENWRITING FOR
MICRO-BUDGET FILMS
Tips, Tricks and Hacks for Reverse
Engineering Your Screenplay
David J. Greenberg
First published 2022
by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN
and by Routledge
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Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa
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© 2022 David J. Greenberg
The right of David J Greenberg to be identified as author of
this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77
and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted
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British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British
Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Greenberg, David J., author.
Title: Screenwriting for micro-budget films / David J. Greenberg.
Description: Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2022. |
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2021031300 (print) | LCCN 2021031301
(ebook) | ISBN 9780367687700 (hardback) | ISBN
9780367687694 (paperback) | ISBN 9781003138969
(ebook)
Subjects: LCSH: Low budget films—Authorship. |
Independent films—Authorship. | Motion picture
authorship—Vocational guidance.
Classification: LCC PN1996.G74 2022 (print) | LCC
PN1996 (ebook) | DDC 808.2/3—dc23
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021031300
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/
2021031301
ISBN: 978-0-367-68770-0 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-0-367-68769-4 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-13896-9 (ebk)
DOI: 10.4324/9781003138969
Typeset in Bembo
by Apex CoVantage, LLC
CONTENTS
Introduction 1
1 Know your limitations 15
2 Getting real 27
3 Write for your producer 39
4 Screenwriting hacks 49
5 Story structure 65
6 Model your feature on a short 87
7 Genre considerations 101
8 Case studies 109
9 Stomping ground 123
10 Final thoughts 133
Appendix 149
Index 159
INTRODUCTION
A funny thing happened to me while I was writing this book. I was
teaching my screenwriting classes, working on three screenplays for
hire and a documentary when a filmmaker friend called. He asked if
I had time to read a screenplay he was thinking about directing. I read
it, a sharp, witty horror-comedy and, at 77 pages, only two or three
locations, around eight characters, no big set pieces or special effects,
it was a great example of a screenplay that could be well produced on
a micro-budget. I called my friend immediately after reading it and
said “You have to make this film and I will do whatever I can to help.”
He said “Great, what do you want to do?” That was not the response
I was expecting, but it would have looked bad to contradict myself,
so the next thing out of my mouth was “Umm, produce?”
While, technically, I had done some producing on my feature
Stomping Ground (2016), it was not a role I felt comfortable in, ever
sought out and, to be completely honest, it was something I actively
avoided. But, I felt strongly that this film deserved to be produced and
I committed to it. The first and the best thing I did as a producer was
ask if I could show it to my friend Andy Silverman, a screenwriter
who had recently started producing, notably his amazing horror-
comedy Cyst, which has “midnight movie” and “cult film” written
all over it. We had been meeting weekly at a bakery down the street
from me, I told him about the screenplay, and he read it and signed
DOI: 10.4324/9781003138969-1
2 Introduction
on as a producer. That’s it; I just thought it was worth mentioning
that, as I write this book, I am also producing a micro-budget film.
What does producing a micro-budget film mean? It probably means
different things to different people. In my case, producing means
everything from cleaning toilets, washing dishes and loading/unload-
ing equipment to scouting locations, hiring personnel and playing a
homeless person.
In the end, we decided that producing a film with eight characters
and a crew of ten would be too tricky to do safely in early 2021, with
the COVID-19 pandemic still raging on. We turned our attention
to another screenplay by the same writer. It was 99% two characters
in one location. In May and June of 2021, we went to the Pocono
Mountains for nine days and lived in the huge house where we were
shooting and we produced Seclusion, which I will discuss in greater
detail in the chapter on writing for producers.
Next, I want to point out that the name of this book is “Screen-
writing For Micro Budget Films,” not “How To Write Micro Budget
Films.” Of course, the book is about how to write a screenplay for
a micro-budget film, but, in my experience, there is no “one” way
to it. With that in mind, I present various approaches to it from my
own philosophy but also include interviews with filmmakers whose
background, philosophy and approach differ from or even contradict
mine. I have found that, if you disagree with someone’s way of think-
ing, it usually forces you to refine, clarify and solidify your own. I do
not necessarily want you to come away from reading this book think-
ing that you should follow one of the models described, I want you
to come away from reading this book having heard about the differ-
ent ways to write a micro-budget film and then use the ones that you
agree with to come up with your own way of writing a screenplay.
To backtrack a little and fill in some blanks, I want to get into my
lifelong love affair with film. One of my earliest memories is of tod-
dling down the street, one hand in each of my parent’s hands, and
going to a repertory movie house in Philadelphia. I am pretty sure
that this was the day that I saw a film in a theater for the first time.
I think it was Charlie Chaplin's The Gold Rush (1925). In first grade,
we had a classroom guest who brought in a video camera. Keep in
Introduction 3
mind that, in 1971, few people were walking around with video
cameras. I can still remember looking through the viewfinder and, at
six years old, thinking “I like this!”
My mom had worked as an actress in her teens and through col-
lege. My father had been a professional tap dancer, appearing on a
weekly TV show in Philadelphia and did summer stock (four musi-
cals per summer) in Atlantic City. Both were writers and English
teachers, so I grew up with an appreciation for the arts. If hippies
deigned to carry cards, my parents would have been card-carrying
hippies. I like to say that I was raised on classic rock and soul, classical
music and show tunes. My father liked to show movies in class and
this period was before we had video stores so, in order to get mov-
ies, he could rent them from a distributor or borrow them from the
Free Library of Philadelphia, which printed a huge catalog of their
holdings. I can remember reading through that catalog at six or seven,
reading the synopsis of films and trying to imagine them in my mind.
I made my first (animated) films when I was nine, bought a super
8 camera when I was ten and made films with friends. Around that
time, I saw Jaws (1975) and North By Northwest on the big screen,
something clicked and I just said something like “this is what I want
to do” to myself.
When I was 16, I found out about film school. Do you mean,
you can go to college and study movies? I did go to film school
and I guess I am pretty glad that I did though I am not exactly sure what
I got out of it. For someone who loves film, it was total immersion,
I learned theory/esthetics, history, production, etc., and I loved it.
The first time I was really conscious of saying the words “inde-
pendent film” as in “I’m going to an independent film tonight” was
when I went to see the Coen Brothers debut Blood Simple (1984)—
itself a masterpiece overall but also a prime example of high-end
low-budget filmmaking, and a production model followed by scores
of would-be indie filmmakers ever since. I know that I had seen
low-budget independent films before, but this time it felt different.
I guess I was a sophomore in film school when Blood Simple came
out so, by the time I graduated in 1987, I had become well aware of
not just the Coens but Jim Jarmusch, Spike Lee, Susan Seidelman and
