Scrap Tire Technology and Markets

298 Pages·1993·13.075 MB·298\298

by  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

SCRAP TIRE
TECHNOLOGY AND MARKETS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
eciffO fo diloS Waste
,notgnihsaW DC
Charlotte Clark, Kenneth Meardon, Dexter Russell
cificaP latnemnorivnE secivreS
,mahruD htroN aniloraC
NOYES DATA CORPORATION
Park Ridge, New Jersey, U.S.A.
thgirypoC 0 3991 yb seyoN ataD noitaroproC
yrarbiL fo ssergnoC golataC draC :rebmuN 46252-29
:NBSI 8-7131-5518-O
ISSN: X615-0900
detnirP ni eht detinU setatS
dehsilbuP ni eht detinU setatS fo aciremA yb
seyoN ataD noitaroproC
Mill ,daoR kraP ,egdiR weN yesreJ 65670
12345678901
yrarbiL fo ssergnoC noitacilbuP-ni-gnigolataC ataD
parcS erit ygolonhcet dna stekram yb/ .S.U latnemnorivnE noitcetorP
,ycnegA eciffO fo diloS etsaW ; ettolrahC ,kralC htenneK ,nodraeM
retxeD .llessuR
.P .mc -- noitulloP( ygolonhcet ,weiver ISSN X615-0900 ; .on
)112
sedulcnI lacihpargoilbib secnerefer dna .xedni
NBSI 8-7131-5518-O
.1 ,seriT .gnilcyceR--rebbuR .2 gnilcyceR ,etsaW( detinU--).cte
.setatS .3 etsaW stcudorp sa detinU--leuf .setatS I. detinU
.setatS eciffO fo diloS .etsaW II. ,kralC .ettolrahC
III. ,nodraeM .htenneK IV. ,llessuR .retxeD .V .seireS
3S5.497DT 2991
l&d--92.’876 46252-29
PIC
Contents and Subject Index
WEIVREVO ......................... ........ 1
Introduction ....................... ........ 1
Source Reduction Alternatives ......... ........ 1
Recycling Alternatives ............... ........ 2
eiT Combustion .................... ........ 3
Tire Pyrolysis ...................... ........ 4
PART I
MARKETS FOR SCRAP TIRES
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
ehT Scrap Tire Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Source Reduction Aitematives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Recycling Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Tire to Energy Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Pyrolysis Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Barriers to Increased Scrap Tire Utilization . . . . ~ . ” 16
Options for Mitigating the Scrap Tire Problem . . . . . . . 18
Study Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . 19
1. ASSESSMENT OF PRESENT SITUATION ............... . . 21
Introduction ....................................... . . 21
Generation of Waste Tires ............................ . . 22
Environmental Problems Associated with Waste Tire Stockpiles . . 24
seotiuqsoM ..................................... . . 24
eriF Hazards .................................... . . 28
Source Reduction of Waste Tires ....................... . . 29
ngiseD snoitacifidoM .............................. . . 29
esueR ......................................... . . 29
gnidaerteR ..................................... . . 30
Disposal of Waste Tires .............................. . . 31
elohW eriT lasopsiD .............................. . . 31
iiv
. . .
stnetnoC dna tcejbuS xednI
Vlll
Shredded eiT lasopsiD .......................................... 13.
State noitalsigeL gnitceffA eriT lasopsiD .............................. 32
Utilization Alternatives ............................................. 53.
snoitacilppA of elohW etsaW seriT ................................... 35
laicifitrA Reefs dna Breakwaters ................................ 35
dnuorgyalP tnempiuqE ...................................... 93.
noisorE lortnoC ............................................ 39
yawhgiH Crash sreirraB ...................................... 39
snoitacilppA of Processed etsaW seriT ................................ 40
gnihcnuP/gnittilpS of seriT .................................... 40
erutcafunaM of bmurC rebbuR morf Scrap seriT .................... 40
bmurC rebbuR ni rebbuR dna citsalP stcudorP ................ 41
bmurC rebbuR ni daorliaR sgnissorC ...................... 41
rebbuR mialceR .................................... 24.
bmurC rebbuR sevitiddA for stnemevaP .................... 43
rebbuR deifidoM tlahpsA etercnoC ................... 43
rebbuR-tlahpsA ................................ 44.
Research dna noitartsnomeD of CAMUR dna -tlahpsA
rebbuR .................................... ..4 6
Markets dna efiL elcyC tsoC of CAMUR dna -tlahpsA
rebbuR .................................... ..4 7
thgiewthgiL Road noitcurtsnoC lairetaM .......................... 84
dnuorgyalP levarG setutitsbuS .................................. 49
egdulS gnitsopmoC ........................................ .50
noitsubmoC .................................................. 15.
Power stnalP ............................................. 25.
Modesto Power tnalP ................................. 25.
gnilretS Power tnalP ................................. 75.
eirE Power tnalP .................................... 75.
adaveN Power tnalP ................................. 85.
eriT gnirutcafunaM stnalP .................................... 58
tnemeC snliK ........................................... ..5 9
ratsneG tnemeC ..................................... 16.
anozirA dnaltroP .................................... 36.
nretsewhtuoS dnaltroP ................................. 63
pluP dna Paper noitcudorP .................................... 46
devireD-eriT leuF ylppuS .............................. 46
esU of devireD-eriT leuF .............................. 46
llamS Package maetS srotareneG ............................... 65
sisyloryP .................................................... 66.
eromitlaB lamrehT ......................................... 76.
J.H. Beers, .cnI ........................................... 76.
noSceT noitaroproC ........................................ 76.
darnoC seirtsudnI ........................................... 67
enotseriF eriT & rebbuR ynapmoC .............................. 68
ehT liO elahS )0CSOT(noitaroproC ............................ 86.
2. MARKET BARRIERS TO WASTE TIRE UTILIZATION .................. 96.
Introduction .................................................... ..6 9
stnetnoC dna tcejbuS xednI xi
Rubber Asphalt Paving Systems ............ . . . ........ ............ 75
cimonocE sreirraB .................... . . . ........ ............ 7.5
cimonocenoN sreirraB ................. . . . ........ ............ 76
Combustion ........................... . . . ........ ............ 77
cimonocE sreirraB .................... . . . ........ ............ 77
Power stnalP ................... . . . ........ ............ 77
devireD-eiT leuF ............... . . . ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
cimonocenoN sreirraB ................. . . . ........ ............ 81
Power stnalP ................... . . . ........ ............ 81
devireD-eriT leuF ............... . . . ........ ............ 82
Pyrolysis .............................. . . . ........ ............ 83
3. OPTIONS FOR MITIGATING THE WASTE TIRE PROBLEM ............. 48.
Introduction .................................................... ..8 4
Regulatory Options-Based on Existing State Programs ..................... 85
gnidnuF secruoS ................................................ 86
sexaT or seeF no elciheV seltiT or noitartsigeR ..................... 86
sexaT or seeF no the selaS of New seriT or the lasopsiD of dlO seriT ..... 86
seeF no the gnittimreP of eiT gnissecorP or lasopsiD ,seitilicaF
dna the esU of State tegduB snoitairporppA ...................... 86
yfitnedI dna naelC pU eriT spmuD ................................... 86
Methods for gniganaM tnerruC eriT lasopsiD ........................... 87
elipkcotS snoitalugeR ........................................ 87
Processor snoitalugeR ........................................ 87
reluaH snoitalugeR .......................................... 87
Market tnempoleveD sevitnecnI ..................................... 88
setabeR for eriT gnilcyceR dna ygrenE sesU ....................... 88
stnarG dna snaoL yb State stnemnrevoG .......................... 89
sdnuF for gnitseT evitavonnI sesU of Scrap seriT .................... 90
snoitalugeR gnidrageR the gnillifdnaL of seriT .......................... 90
Other Regulatory and Non-Regulatory Options ........................... 90
tnemerucorP seigetartS ........................................... 91
Research ................................................... ..9 1
lanoitiddA noitanidrooC gnomA States dna seitilacoL ..................... 92
noitacudE dna noitomorP ......................................... 29.
etsaW segnahcxE .............................................. 39.
elbaedarT stiderC ............................................... 94
xaT sevitnecnI ................................................. 94
4. CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...97
APPENDIX A: EPA LANOIGER SECIFFO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
XIDNEPPA :B ETATS STCATNOC ROF ETSAW ERIT SMARGORP . . . . . . . . . . . 104
APPENDIX C: ADDITIONAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON SCRAP
TIRES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
x stnetnoC dna tcejbuS xednI
PART II
TIRES FOR FUEL AND TIRE PYROLYSIS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................. . . . ...... 121
Technical Approach .................... . . . ...... 122
secruoS of noitamrofnI ............... . . . ...... 122
Results .............................. . . . ...... 123
Effect no noissimE .................. . . . ...... 123
cirtcelE seitilitU .................... . . . ...... 124
tnemeC gnirutcafunaM ............... . . . ...... 124
pluP dna Paper slliM ................. . . . ...... 126
Other seirtsudnI .................... . . . ...... 126
sisyloryP ......................... . . . ...... 127
noissimE lortnoC seciveD ............. . . . ...... 127
tsoC snoitacidnI .................... . . . ...... 128
noisulcnoC ........................ . . . ...... 129
1. INTRODUCTION .......................... . . . ...... 130
1.1 Waste Tire Generation and Disposal ........ . . . ...... 131
1.2 Waste Tires As Fuel .................... . . . ...... 132
1.2.1 etsaW eriT scitsiretcarahC dna noitisopmoC . . . ...... 134
1.2.2 etsaW eriT dna FDT tsoC snoitaredisnoC . . . . ...... 134
1.2.3 riA noitulloP snoissimE seussI ......... . . . ...... 139
1.3 Markets for Tires As Fuel ................ . . . ...... 140
1.4 State Waste Tire Disposal Programs ........ . . . ...... 141
1.5 Methodology .......................... . . . ...... 146
1.6 References ............................ ...... 148
2. OVERVIEW OF PROCESS UNITS BURNING TIRES FOR FUEL . . . ...... 159
2.1 Kilns ........................................... . . . ...... 151
2.2 Boilers .......................................... . . . ...... 151
2.2.1 dezirevluP laoC srelioB ......................... . . . ...... 153
2.2.2 enolcyC srelioB ............................... . . . ...... 154
2.2.3 Stoker srelioB ................................ . . . ...... 155
2.2.3.1 Spreader Stoker srelioB ................... . . . ...... 157
2.2.3.2 deefrevO Stoker srelioB ................... . . . ...... 159
2.2.3.3 deefrednU Stoker srelioB .................. . . . ...... 159
2.2.4 dezidiulF Bed srelioB ........................... . . . ...... 160
2.3 References ....................................... . . . ...... 166
3. DEDICATED TIRES-TO-ENERGY FACILITIES ...... . . . ...... 168
3.1 Industry Description ......................... . . . ...... 168
3.2 Process Description .......................... . . . ...... 170
3.2.1 lareneG noitarepO ....................... . . . ...... 171
3.2.2 lanoitarepO seitluciffiD ................... . . . ...... 173
3.3 Emissions, Control Techniques and Their Effectiveness . . . ...... 175
3.3.1 snoissimE ............................. . . . ...... 175
3.3.2 lortnoC seuqinhceT ...................... . . . ...... 177
3.3.2.1 ,ON-eD metsyS .................. . . . ...... 177
stnetnoC dna tcejbuS xednt ix
3.3.2.2 cirbaF retliF ....................................... 181
3.3.2.3 rebburcS .......................................... 182
3.3.3 timreP snoitidnoC dna seussI ................................. 183
3.4 Other Environmental and Energy Impacts ........................... 184
3.5 Cost Considerations ............................................ 185
3.6 Conclusions .................................................. 187
3.7 References ................................................... 188
4. TIRE AND TDF USE IN PORTLAND CEMENT KILNS ................... 189
4.1 Industry Description ........................................... 192
4.2 Process Description ............................................ 197
4.2.1 gnixiM dna gnidnirG ....................................... 197
4.2.2 noitaniclaC .............................................. 200
4.2.3 Preheaters dna sreniclacerP ................................... 200
4.2.4 dehsiniF tnemeC gnidnirG ................................... 202
4.2.5 seriT sA leuF ni the nliK .................................... 206
4.3 Emissions, Control Techniques and Their Effectiveness ................. 207
4.4 Other Environmental and Energy Impacts ........................... 222
4.5 Cost Considerations ............................................ 223
4.6 Conclusions .................................................. 224
4.7 References ................................................... 225
5. TDF AS FUEL IN WASTE WOOD BOILERS AT PULP AND
PAPER MILLS.. .................................... ....... 227
5.1 Industry Description .............................. ....... 228
5.2 Process Description ............................... ....... 231
5.3 Emissions, Control Techniques and Their Effectiveness .... ....... 234
53.1 snoissimE .................................. ....... 234
5.3.1.1 etalucitraP snoissimE .................... ....... 241
5.3.1.2 rufluS edixoiD snoissimE ................. ....... 242
5.3.1.3 negortiN sedixO snoissimE ............... ....... 242
5.3.1.4 nobraC edixonoM snoissimE .............. ....... 242
5.3.1.5 yvaeH slateM dna raelcunyloP scitamorA )ANP( ....... 242
5.3.2 lortnoC seuqinhceT ........................... ....... 248
5.4 Other Environmental and Energy Impacts .............. ....... 251
5.5 Cost Considerations ............................... ....... 251
5.6 Conclusions ..................................... ....... 252
5.7 References ...................................... ....... 253
6. TIRES AND TDF AS SUPPLEMENTAL FUEL IN ELECTRIC UTILITY
BOILERS ....................................................... 256
6.1 Industry Description ........................................... 256
6.2 Process Description ............................................ 256
6.2.1 slairetaM gnildnaH ......................................... 259
6.2.2 noitsubmoC .............................................. 261
6.3 Emissions, Control Techniques and Their Effectiveness ................. 263
6.3.1 etalucitraP snoissimE ....................................... 263
6.3.2 SO, snoissimE ............................................ 269
6.3.3 NO, snoissimE ........................................... 271
iix stnetnoC dna tcejbuS xednI
6.3.4 CO snoissimE ............................................ 271
6.3.5 ecarT lateM snoissimE ...................................... 271
6.3.6 Other riA snoissimE noitamrofnI ............................... 271
6.3.7 lortnoC tnempiuqE seussI .................................... 275
6.4 Other Environmental and Energy Impacts ........................... 278
6.5 Cost Considerations ............................................ 278
6.6 Conclusions .................................................. 278
6.7 References ................................................... 281
7. USE OF TDF AS A SUPPLEMENTAL FUEL AT OTHER INDUSTRIAL
FACILITIES .................................................... 283
7.1 Description of Industries ........................................ 283
7.2 Process Description ............................................ 286
7.3 Emissions, Control Techniques and Their Effectiveness ................. 287
7.4 Other Environmental and Energy Impacts ........................... 287
7.5 Cost Considerations ............................................ 287
7.6 Conclusions .................................................. 290
7.7 References ................................................... 291
8. SCRAP TIRE PYROLYSIS ........................ ........... 292
8.1 Process Description ........................... ........... 293
8.1.1 slairetaM gnildnaH ........................ ........... 295
8.1.2 cireneG Reactor noitpircseD ................. ........... 295
8.2 Specific Reactor Types ........................ ........... 299
8.2.1 Sealed xoB ............................. ........... 301
8.2.2 yratoR nliK ............................. ........... 302
8.2.3 Screw nliK ............................. ........... 302
8.2.4 gnilevarT etarG nliK ...................... ........... 303
8.2.5 dezidiulF Bed ........................... ........... 303
8.2.6 Other Reactors ........................... ........... 303
8.3 Environmental Impacts ........................ ........... 304
8.3.1 etalucitraP snoissimE ...................... ........... 304
8.3.2 VOC snoissimE .......................... ........... 306
8.3.3 Other snoissimE .......................... ........... 307
8.4 Other Environmental and Energy Impacts .......... ........... 307
5.8 Cost Considerations ........................... ........... 311
8.6 Conclusions ................................. ........... 314
8.7 References .................................. ........... 316
1. Assessment of Present Situation
NOI-ICUDORTNI
tuobA 242 noillim ,evitomotua ,kcurt dna daor-ffo serit are dedracsid ni eht
detinU setatS hcae .raey sihT si yletamixorppa lauqe ot eno etsaw erit rep nosrep rep
.raey ,yllanoitiddA ereht are 33.5 noillim serit taht are dedaerter dna na detamitse 10
noillim taht are desuer hcae raey dnah-dnoces .serit tI si detamitse taht 7 tnecrep
as
fo eht dedracsid serit are yltnerruc gnieb delcycer otni wen stcudorp dna 11 tnecrep
are detrevnoc ot .ygrene ylraeN 78 tnecrep are gnieb ,dellifdnal ,delipkcots ro
yllagelli ,depmud htiw eht redniamer gnieb .detropxe
seriT are tluciffid ot .llifdnal elohW serit od ton tcapmoc ,llew dna yeht dnet
ot krow rieht yaw pu hguorht eht lios ot eht .pot sA a ,tluser erit ,selipkcots hcihw
tsoc ssel naht ,sllifdnal evah gnurps pu all revo eht .yrtnuoc tI si detamitse taht
neewteb 2 dna 3 noillib serit are delipkcots ni eht .S.U at ,tneserp htiw at tsael eno
elip gniniatnoc revo 30 noillim .serit eriT selipkcots are ylthgisnu dna are a taerht
ot cilbup htlaeh‘ dna .ytefas toN ylno are erit selip tnellecxe gnideerb sdnuorg rof
,seotiuqsom tub yeht are osla erif .sdrazah
tI si eht laog fo eht APE ot etanimile lagelli gnipmud rehtegotla dna ot ecuder
eht gnilipkcots dna gnillifdnal fo dedracsid serit as hcum as .elbissop ehT ,troper
ehT diloS Waste :ammeliD nA adnegA rof ,noitcA syal tuo s’APE lanoitan ygetarts
rof gniganam lapicinum dilos etsaw (MSW) (1). tI stes tuo a reit-eerht yhcrareih rof
tnemeganam fo lapicinum dilos ,etsaw htiw ecruos noitcuder gniknar ,tsrif dewollof
yb ,gnilcycer neht noitarenicni dna dnal .lasopsid ylgnitseretnI ,hguone revo eht tsal
40 ,sraey serit evah neeb tahwemos fo a sseccus yrots rof ecruos .noitcuder ehT
tnevda fo eht elim-000,04 erit snaem taht serit tsal regnol erofeb yeht raew .tuo
sA htiw ynam rehto stnenopmoc fo eht etsaw ,maerts eht tsehgih ytiroirp
,snoitpo ecruos noitcuder dna ,gnilcycer are eht tsael dezilitu dna gnillifdnal si eht
tsom nommoc .ecitcarp laitnetoP ecruos noitcuder serusaem rof serit edulcni eht
ngised fo regnol devil ,serit esuer fo serit devomer morf ,selcihev dna .gnidaerter
esehT secitcarp all dnetxe eht lufesu efil fo serit erofeb yeht are .dedracsid
elbaredisnoC sesaercni ni erit semitefil evah neeb deveihca ni eht tsap 20 sraey htiw
eht tnevda fo eht laidar .erit nO eht rehto ,dnah yllaitrap esuaceb fo eht laidar ,serit
gnidaerter fo elibomotua serit si gnisaerced hcae .raey laidaR erit edis sllaw dnet ot
eb rekaew naht bias ylp ,sllaw suht eht noitcejer rate yb sredaerter si .rehgih slaidaR
osla are erom evisnepxe ot daerter naht bias .seilp kcurT erit ,gnidaerter ,revewoh si
llits .gnisaercni A latot fo tuoba 37 noillim serit erew dedaerter ni 1987. sihT
deppord ot 33.5 noillim ni 1990. gnidaerteR sdnetxe eht lufesu efil fo a elbadaerter
21
22 eri pTarcS ygolonhceT dna stekraM
erit morf 60 ot 80 tnecrep na( elibomotua erit htiw eno )daerter ot 300 tnecrep b
kcurt erit htiw eerht .)sdaerter
eriT gnilcycer seitivitca edulcni eht esu fo elohw serit ro dessecorp serit rof
lufesu .sesoprup elohW erit snoitacilppa edulcni sfeer dna ,sretawkaerb dnuorgyalp
,tnempiuqe noisore ,lortnoc dna yawhgih hsarc barriers. dessecorP erit stcudorp
edulcni stam dna rehto rebbur ,stcudorp dezirebbur ,tlahpsa dnuorgyalp levarg
,etutitsbus dna gniklub tnega rof egduls .gnitsopmoc
parcS erit noitsubmoc si decitcarp ni rewop ,stnalp erit gnirutcafunam ,stnalp
tnemec ,snlik plup dna repap ,stnalp dna llams egakcap maets .stnalp
NOITARENEG FO ETSAW SERIT
tI si ylnommoc detpecca ni eht erit yrtsudni taht tuoba eno erit rep nosrep rep
raey si .dedracsid ecniS ereht si on yrtsudni puorg ro latnemnrevog ycnega taht
srotinom erit lasopsid ni eht detinU ,setatS eht tseb setamitse taht nac eb edam are
desab no erit .noitcudorp ehT rebbuR srerutcafunaM noitaicossA )AMR( sdrocer eht
rebmun fo lanigiro ,tnempiuqe ,tnemecalper dna tropxe serit taht are deppihs hcae
raey ni eht detinU .setatS eeS( elbaT 3.) nI 1990, a latot fo 264,262,OOO serit erew
.deppihs ehT AMR atad edulcni wen erit ,stropmi tub ton detropmi desu .serit oT
etamitse eht rebmun fo serit taht erew dedracsid ni eht detinU setatS ni 1990, eht
gniwollof snoitpmussa erew :edam
enO erit si dedracsid rof hcae tnemecalper erit
,deppihs gnidulcni wen dna desu .stropmi dracsiD( si
demussa ot eb ni eht emas raey as tnemecalper erit
).noitcudorp
lanigirO tnempiuqe serit are ton dedracsid ni
eht raey yeht are ,decudorp tub rehtar ni eht
raey a tnemecalper si .dlos
_ detropxE serit are ton dedracsid ni eht .ASU
ruoF serit are dedracsid rof hcae elibomotua ro
kcurt nehw ti si nekat tuo fo .ecivres
sdaerteR dna desuer serit are tup kcab otni
ecivres ni eht emas radnelac raey taht yeht erew
nekat .tuo ,eroferehT( gnidaerter dna esuer ylpmis
evah eht tceffe fo gnidnetxe eht s’erit lufesu ).efil