Scilab Textbook Companion for Microwaves and Radar Principles and Applications by AK Maini

148 Pages·2016·0.44 MB·English

Scilab Textbook Companion for
Microwaves and Radar Principles and
Applications
by A. K. Maini1
Created by
Pasupulati Guruarun
B.Tech
Electrical Engineering
Sastra University
College Teacher
Prof. K. Narasimhan
Cross-Checked by
Chaitanya Potti
July 31, 2019
1Funded by a grant from the National Mission on Education through ICT,
http://spoken-tutorial.org/NMEICT-Intro. ThisTextbookCompanionandScilab
codes written in it can be downloaded from the ”Textbook Companion Project”
section at the website http://scilab.in
Book Description
Title: Microwaves and Radar Principles and Applications
Author: A. K. Maini
Publisher: Khanna Publishers, New Delhi
Edition: 3
Year: 2004
ISBN: 81-7409-129-7
1
Scilab numbering policy used in this document and the relation to the
above book.
Exa Example (Solved example)
Eqn Equation (Particular equation of the above book)
AP Appendix to Example(Scilab Code that is an Appednix to a particular
Example of the above book)
Forexample, Exa3.51meanssolvedexample3.51ofthisbook. Sec2.3means
a scilab code whose theory is explained in Section 2.3 of the book.
2
Contents
ListofScilabCodes 4
1 Introduction To Microwaves 5
2 Maxwells Equations 7
3 Transmission Media Transmission lines and Waveguides 16
4 Microwave Components 35
5 Microwave Tubes 45
6 Semiconductor Microwave Devices and Integrated Circuits 53
7 Antennas 70
9 Radar Fundamentals 87
10 Radar Systems 102
11 Satellites and Satellite Communications 116
13 Microwave Communication link Basic Design Considera-
tions 132
3
List of Scilab Codes
Exa 1.1 Finding dielectric constant of medium . . . 5
Exa 1.2 Finding height of antenna . . . . . . . . . . 6
Exa 2.1 Finding magnetic field intensity . . . . . . . 7
Exa 2.2 finding expressions of B and H . . . . . . . . 8
Exa 2.7 Finding Amplitude of Displacement current
density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 2.8 Findingamplitudeofdisplacementcurrentden-
sity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Exa 2.9 Finding electric and magnetic field intensity 10
Exa 2.10 Findingamplitudeofdisplacementcurrentden-
sity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Exa 2.12 Finding beta and Hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Exa 2.13 Finding w and Hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Exa 2.14 Findingamplitudeofdisplacementcurrentden-
sity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Exa 3.2 Finding reflection coefficient and SWR . . . 16
Exa 3.3 Finding min length of cable . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.4 Finding reflection coefficient and characteris-
tic impedance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Exa 3.5 Finding load resistance reflection coefficient
and power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Exa 3.6 Findinglengthoflineandcharacteristicimpedance
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Exa 3.7 Finding input impedance . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Exa 3.8 Finding expressions for Vin and Vl . . . . . 21
Exa 3.9 Findingmagnitudeofreflectioncoefficientand
frequency of operation . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4
Exa 3.10 Finding per unit inductance Zo phase shift
constant and reflection coefficient . . . . . . 23
Exa 3.11 showing certain freq passing through waveg-
uide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Exa 3.12 Finding min frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Exa 3.13 Showingcertainfrequencydoesnotpassthrough
waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Exa 3.14 Finding longest cutoff wavelength . . . . . . 26
Exa 3.15 Finding frequency range . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Exa 3.16 Finding group and phase velocity . . . . . . 28
Exa 3.18 proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Exa 3.19 Finding all the possible modes that will prop-
agate in a waveguide . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Exa 3.20 Finding frequency of wave . . . . . . . . . . 31
Exa 3.21 computing guide wavelength phase shift con-
stant and phase velocity . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Exa 3.22 computingcutofffreqphasevelocityandguided
wavelength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Exa 4.1 Finding power at coupled port . . . . . . . . 35
Exa 4.2 Findingpoweravailableatthestraightthrough
port output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Exa 4.3 Finding directivity power at isolated port . 36
Exa 4.4 Finding power available at output port . . . 37
Exa 4.5 Finding directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Exa 4.6 Finding lowest resonant frequency . . . . . . 39
Exa 4.7 Finding resonant frequency . . . . . . . . . 39
Exa 4.8 Finding length of cavity resonator . . . . . . 40
Exa 4.9 Finding length of cavity resonator . . . . . . 41
Exa 4.10 Finding length of resonator . . . . . . . . . 42
Exa 4.11 Finding resonant frequency . . . . . . . . . 43
Exa 5.1 Finding transit time of electron in repeller
space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Exa 5.2 Finding change in frequency . . . . . . . . . 46
Exa 5.3 Finding percentage change in frequency . . . 47
Exa 5.4 Finding electronic efficiency and output power 48
Exa 5.5 Finding no of cycles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Exa 5.6 Finding phase difference and number possible
useful modes of resonance . . . . . . . . . . 50
5
Exa 5.7 Finding peak amplitude . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Exa 5.8 Finding anode voltage of TWT . . . . . . . 52
Exa 6.1 proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Exa 6.2 Finding max negative differential conductance 54
Exa 6.3 Finding operational frequency . . . . . . . . 55
Exa 6.4 finding unity gain cutoff frequency . . . . . 55
Exa 6.5 Finding length of active layer . . . . . . . . 56
Exa 6.6 Finding doping concentration . . . . . . . . 57
Exa 6.7 Proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Exa 6.8 Finding dielectric relaxation time . . . . . . 59
Exa 6.9 Finding length ogf GUN device . . . . . . . 59
Exa 6.10 Finding mobility values . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Exa 6.11 Finding electric field and punch through volt-
age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Exa 6.12 Finding Hfe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Exa 6.13 Finding dielectric relaxation time . . . . . . 62
Exa 6.14 Finding frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Exa 6.15 Finding power gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Exa 6.16 Finding output laser wavelength . . . . . . . 65
Exa 6.17 Finding resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Exa 6.18 Finding sheet resistivity and Resistance . . 67
Exa 6.19 Finding capacitance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 6.20 Semiconductor Microwave Devices and Inte-
grated Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Exa 7.1 Calculating Q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Exa 7.2 Finding Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Exa 7.3 Finding Aperture and gain of antenna . . . 71
Exa 7.4 Finding effective aperture of antenna . . . . 72
Exa 7.5 finding Directivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
Exa 7.6 Findingbeamwidtheffectiveapertureandgain 74
Exa 7.7 Finding radiation resistance . . . . . . . . . 75
Exa 7.8 FindingBeamwidtheffectiveapertureandgain 75
Exa 7.9 Finding beamwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Exa 7.10 Finding Received signal strength . . . . . . 77
Exa 7.11 Finding length of halfwave dipole . . . . . . 79
Exa 7.12 Finding input impedance . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Exa 7.13 Designing yagi antenna . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Exa 7.14 finding beamwidth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
6
Exa 7.15 Finding focal length of antenna . . . . . . . 82
Exa 7.16 Finding distance of the feed . . . . . . . . . 83
Exa 7.17 Finding desired phases of all elements . . . . 84
Exa 7.18 Finding Phase angles . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Exa 7.19 Finding beam position . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Exa 9.1 Finding max unambiguous range of radar . 87
Exa 9.2 Finding Rx signal frequency . . . . . . . . . 88
Exa 9.3 Determiningwhetherradariscapableofmea-
suring certain radial velocity . . . . . . . . . 89
Exa 9.4 Determining Range Resolution . . . . . . . 90
Exa 9.5 Determining max beamwidth . . . . . . . . 90
Exa 9.6 Finding min look time . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Exa 9.7 Significance of denominator . . . . . . . . . 92
Exa 9.8 Finding center frequency . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Exa 9.9 Finding centre of spectrum bandwidth and
compressed pulse width . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Exa 9.10 Finding Bandwidth and range resolution . . 94
Exa 9.11 Finding matched bandwidth and center fre-
quency of spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Exa 9.12 Finding average power and look energy . . . 96
Exa 9.13 finding duty cycle correction factor . . . . . 97
Exa 9.14 Finding Equivalent noise temperature . . . . 98
Exa 9.15 Determining ratio of noise powers . . . . . . 99
Exa 9.16 Finding noise power . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Exa 9.17 Finding azimuth coordinates . . . . . . . . . 101
Exa 10.1 Finding Target range . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
Exa 10.2 Finding Target Range and Radial velocity . 103
Exa 10.3 Finding error in doppler shift measurement . 104
Exa 10.4 Finding Range and radial velocity . . . . . . 105
Exa 10.5 Finding radial velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Exa 10.9 Finding lowest blind speed . . . . . . . . . . 107
Exa 10.10 Finding ratio of operating frequencies . . . . 108
Exa 10.11 Finding Apparent Range . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Exa 10.12 Finding true range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Exa 10.13 Estimating true range . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exa 10.14 Finding compression ratio and width of com-
pressed pulse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
7
Exa 10.15 Finding synthesised aperture and cross range
resolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Exa 10.16 Finding round trip time . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exa 10.17 Finding doppler shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Exa 10.18 Finding Range Resolution . . . . . . . . . . 114
Exa 11.1 Finding orbital velocity . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Exa 11.2 Finding orbital eccentricity . . . . . . . . . 117
Exa 11.3 Finding relationship between orbital periods 118
Exa 11.4 Finding magnitude of velocity impulse . . . 118
Exa 11.5 Findingmaximumshadowangleandmaxdaily
eclipse duration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
Exa 11.6 Finding total time from first day of eclipse to
last day of eclipse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Exa 11.7 Finding centrifugal force . . . . . . . . . . . 121
Exa 11.8 Finding semi major axis . . . . . . . . . . . 122
Exa 11.9 Finding apogee perigee and orbit eccentricity 123
Exa 11.10 Finding apogee and perigee distances . . . . 123
Exa 11.11 Finding escape velocity . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Exa 11.12 Finding orbital period . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Exa 11.13 Findingorbitaltimeperiodvelocityatapogee
and perigee points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Exa 11.14 Finding target eccentricity . . . . . . . . . . 127
Exa 11.15 Finding apogee and perigee distances . . . . 128
Exa 11.16 Finding max deviation in latitude and longi-
tude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exa 11.17 Finding angle of inclination . . . . . . . . . 130
Exa 11.18 Finding maximum coverage angle and max
slant range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Exa 13.1 Finding path length . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
Exa 13.2 Finding max tolerable obstacle height . . . . 133
Exa 13.3 Finding whether first fresnal zone pass with-
out any obstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Exa 13.4 Finding outrage time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Exa 13.5 Finding improvement in probability of fade
margin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
Exa 13.6 Finding unavailability factor . . . . . . . . . 137
Exa 13.7 Finding Outrage Time . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
8
Exa 13.8 Finding change in value of unavailability Fac-
tor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
Exa 13.9 Finding improvement in outrage time . . . . 139
Exa 13.10 Finding composite Fade margin . . . . . . . 140
Exa 13.11 proof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Exa 13.12 Finding outrage time . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Exa 13.13 Finding improvement in MTBF . . . . . . . 142
9