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Science, Evolution, and Politics
Thisbookbringstogetherimportantessaysbyoneoftheleadingphiloso-
phersofscienceatworktoday.ElisabethAnneLloydexaminesseveralof
thecentraltopicsinphilosophyofbiology,includingthestructureofevo-
lutionarytheory,unitsofselection,andevolutionarypsychology,aswell
astheScienceWars,feminismandscience,andsexualityandobjectivity.
Lloydchallengesthecurrentevolutionaryaccountsofthefemaleorgasm
andanalyzesthemforbias.Shealsooffersaninnovativeanalysisofthe
conceptofobjectivity.Lloydanalyzesthestructureofevolutionarytheory
andunlocksthepuzzleoftheunitsofselectiondebatesintofourdistinct
aspects, illuminating several mysteries in the biology literature. Central
toallessaysinthisbookistheauthor’sabidingconcernforevidenceand
empiricaldata.
ElisabethAnneLloydisArnoldandMaxineTanisChairofHistoryand
Philosophy of Science at Indiana University and Professor of Biology
andanAffiliatedFacultyScholarattheKinseyInstituteforResearchin
Sex,Gender,andReproduction.SheistheauthorofTheStructureand
ConfirmationofEvolutionaryTheory,KeywordsinEvolutionaryBiology,
and,mostrecently,TheCaseoftheFemaleOrgasm:BiasintheScienceof
Evolution.
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cambridge studies in philosophy and biology
GeneralEditor
MichaelRuse FloridaStateUniversity
AdvisoryBoard
MichaelDonoghue YaleUniversity
JeanGayon UniversityofParis
JonathanHodge UniversityofLeeds
JaneMaienschein ArizonaStateUniversity
Jesu´sMoster´ın InstitutodeFilosof´ıa(SpanishResearchCouncil)
ElliottSober UniversityofWisconsin
Cambridge
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Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010
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Science, Evolution, and Politics
ELISABETH ANNE LLOYD
IndianaUniversity
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cambridgeuniversitypress
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Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521865708
(cid:1)c CambridgeUniversityPress2008
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
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Firstpublished2008
PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary.
LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData
Lloyd,ElisabethAnne.
Science,evolution,andpolitics/ElisabethAnneLloyd.
p. cm.–(Cambridgestudiesinphilosophyandbiology)
Includesbibliographicalreferences(p. )andindex.
ISBN978-0-521-86570-8(hardback)
1.Evolution(Biology)–Philosophy. 2.Naturalselection–Philosophy.
3.Humanevolution–Philosophy. I.Title. II.Series.
QH360.5.L55 2008
576.8–dc22 2007027821
ISBN 978-0-521-86570-8hardback
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Cambridge Books Online © Cambridge University Press, 2010
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Contents
1. TheNatureofDarwin’sSupportfortheTheory
ofNaturalSelection page 1
2. ASemanticApproachtotheStructure
ofPopulationGenetics 20
3. ConfirmationofEcologicalandEvolutionaryModels 43
4. UnitsandLevelsofSelection 59
5. SpeciesSelectionsonVariability 84
withStephenJayGould
6. AnOpenLettertoElliottSoberandDavidSloanWilson,
RegardingTheirBook,UntoOthers:TheEvolution
andPsychologyofUnselfishBehavior 95
7. ProblemswithPluralism 106
8. NormalityandVariation:TheHumanGenomeProject
andtheIdealHumanType 133
9. EvolutionaryPsychology:TheBurdensofProof 148
10. ObjectivityandtheDoubleStandardforFeminist
Epistemologies 170
11. ScienceandAnti-Science:ObjectivityandItsRealEnemies 202
12. Pre-TheoreticalAssumptionsinEvolutionaryExplanations
ofFemaleSexuality 255
References 269
Index 297
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1
The Nature of Darwin’s Support for the Theory
of Natural Selection
1. darwin’s views
WilliamWhewellandSirJohnF.W.Herschel,themostinfluentialwriters
inphilosophyofscienceinthemid-nineteenthcentury, bothheldNew-
tonian physics aloft as the model form for a scientific theory. In order
todemonstrateDarwin’ssophisticationconcerningcontemporaryphilo-
sophicalandmethodologicalissues,Ishallquotehimextensively,inthis
section,fromhisprivatecorrespondence.
Onecrucialaspectofthelawsofmotioninsistedonbyphilosophersand
scientistsalikewasthattheycouldbedirectlytestedorproved.Darwin
waswellawareoftheexampleprovidedbyNewtonianphysics,andwas
equallywellawarethatthetheoryofnaturalselectioncouldnotbetested
bydirectinferencefromtheevidence.
Whenwedescendtodetails,wecanprovethatnoonespecieshaschanged
[i.e.wecannotprovethatasinglespecieshaschanged];norcanweprove
thatthesupposedchangesarebeneficial,whichisthegroundworkofthe
theory.Norcanweexplainwhysomespecieshavechangedandothershave
not.(Darwin1919,2:210)
Onanotheroccasion,DarwinwroteofF.W.Hutton:
He is one of the very few who see that the change of species cannot be
directly proved, and that the doctrine must sink or swim according as it
groupsandexplainsphenomena.Itisreallycurioushowfewjudgeitinthis
way,whichisclearlytherightway.(1919,2:155)
Lloyd,E.A.(1983).TheNatureofDarwin’sSupportfortheTheoryofNaturalSelection.
PhilosophyofScience,50,112–129.
1
Description:This book brings together important essays by the one of the leading philosophers of science at work today. Elisabeth A. Lloyd examines several of the central topics in philosophy of biology, including the structure of evolutionary theory, units of selection, and evolutionary psychology, as well as