Table Of ContentSCIENCE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Seien ce 01 Engineering Materials
Volume 1 Structure of Matter
Volume 2 Materials
Volume 3 Engineering Properties
Science of Engineering Materials
Volume 2
Materials
MANAS CHANDA
Indian Institute 0/ Science, Bangalore
~ Manas Chanda 1979
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission.
First published in India 1979 by
Macmillan India Ltd
First published in Oreat Britain 1981 by
THE MACM[LLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Companies and representatives
throughout the world
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com
ISBN 978-0-333-31816-4 ISBN 978-1-349-06053-5 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-06053-5
The paperback edition of tM book is sold subject to the
condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be
lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the
publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other
than that in which it is published and without a similar
condition including this condition being imposed on the
subsequent purchaser.
To the loving memory 0/
The Late Smt. Nityabala Chaudhuri
Foreword
Materials science is an interdisciplinary subject of great importance.
It is increasingly being recognised that a course in materials science
should form an essential part of engineering science curricula in
universities. This is because of the rapid progress being made in
the development of sophisticated tailor-made materials of desired
properties and specifications to suit specific needs. The subject is,
therefore, not only of relevance to engineering but also to physical
sciences, medical science, and other disciplines. Thus, modern
medical practice makes use of new bio-materials while modern
solid state chemistry is concerned with the synthesis of novel kinds
of compounds. An introduction to materials science will un
doubtedly enable students, teachers and professionals to appreciate
the problems related to materials in the modern world.
This book by Dr. Manas Chanda attempts to present an
introduction to engineering materials science, which I am sure will
be found useful by the scientific and educational community. Dr.
Chanda has taken pains to work out examples and problems which
will be useful to students. I recommend the book to students and
teachers of materials science.
Indian Institute 01 Science CN R RAO
Bangalore
22 February 1979
Preface
The properties or behaviour of every kind of engineering material
depend upon its intern al structure, and the hierarchy of such
structures ranges from the atomic and molecular level through the
crystalline structure to microstructures and macrostructures.
Volume I of this book dealt, in its five chapters, with the structure
of atoms and molecules, the characteristics and molecular
make-up of the different states of matter, and the structure of
crystalline . and amorphous solid phases. The present volume,
composed of six chapters, presents an organised study of
muItiphase systems, dealing with microstructures, macrostructures,
and behavioural characteristics of the main classes of engineeriDg
materials.
General phase·equilibrium relationsbips, phase changes and phase
or grain cJ:aracteristics are dealt with in Chapter 1, which also presents
a concerted treatment of the major processes that control the
grain cbaracteristics, such as recrystallisation, grain growth and
sintering, with examples drawn from both metallic and non
metallic systems. Chapter 2 is devoted to a detailed study of
phases and phase transformations in iron-carhon systems, in
recognition of their great importance in engineering. The next
four chapters are concerned with the four main groups of engin
eering materials-:netals and alloys, plastics, ceramics, and
composites. The discussion in these chapters emphasises how the
internal make-up and structure can be designed or considerably
modified by vanous manufacturing processes and treatments to
impart completely different characteristics to the material. Ferrous
and non-ferrous alloys are discussed from this angle in Chapter 3,
x PREFACE
followed by polymerie materials in Chapter 4. Polymerie materials
present a striking example of the fact that we are no longer foreed
to accept the atomie and moleeular arrangements produced by
nature, but we ean modify and tailor them to produee desired
properties for particular applications. Thus, by varying the
molecular make-up of polymers, by varying the length of the
moleeular ehain and its eharaeteristies such as its stiffness and
symmetry or by controlling the degree and type of eross-linking,
we can produee a wide range of materials for different applica
tions. The diseussion in Chapter 4 is oriented to emphasise this
viewpoint.
Over tbe last few decades, the aneient art of ceramies has been
transformed into thc science of materials engineering, helped by
an understanding of tbe relation between structure and properties
that permits better control of chemical composition and micro
structure, and designing new materials for technology. A study of
ceramic materials from this viewpoint is presented in Chapter 5.
The next chapter deals with composite materials, highlighting the
factors, such as the nature of tbe constituents and the relations and
interactions between the constituents, which determine the properties
and behaviour of composites.
At tbe end of each chapter, there are problems to enhance the
reader's understanding of the coneepts discussed in the text.
Original references and an impormnt bibliography have been cited
at tbe end of each chapter which should help the readers in their
attempts to widen their horizon and deepen their understanding of
the subject through further studies.
CGS units have been used throughout the text. However, in
view of the growing acceptance of the international (SI) metric
system, the book provides a table of basic, derived and supple
mentary SI units, as weIl as conversion factors to facilitate
conversion to SI units. Besides, in many places in the text, SI
equivalents have been given to afford familiarity with this system
in relation to tbe CGS system. Tbis should assist tbe reader in
gradual transition from the present use of mixed units to the SI
units.
In writting a book of tbis kind, one accumulates indebtedness to
a wide range of people, not the least to the authors of earlier
publications in the field. I particularly wisb to acknowledge the
help given by Professors I. A. Aksay and J. A. Pask of the
PREFACE xi
Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of
California, Berkeley, American Society for Metals, Ohio and the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington.
My f~ulty colleagues, innumerable students and academic
associates in other universities and colleges, have provided much
welcome stimulation and direct help. I am much indebted to
Professor C. N. R. Rao for writing a foreword to the book. I wish
to thank Messrs. M. N. Chandrashekara, P. Raghavendrachar
and C. C. Lakshmanan, who performed the task of proof-reading
during my visit abroad. The grant of subsidy from the National
Book Trust of India for the publication of the book is gratefully
acknowledged.
Bonga/ore
February. 1979 MANAS CHANDA
