Table Of ContentSCIENCE OF ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Science of Engineering Materials
Volume 1 Structure of Matter
Volume 2 Materials
Volume 3 Engineering Properties
Science of Engineering Materials
Volume 1
Structure of Matter
MANAS CHANDA
Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
© Manas Chanda 1979
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means,
without permission.
First published in India 1979 by
Macmillan India Ltd
First published in Great Britain 1981 by
THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
London and Basingstoke
Companies alld representatives
throughout the world
ISBN 978-0-333-31815-7 ISBN 978-1-349-06051-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-06051-1
The paperback edition of the book is sold subject to the
condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be
lent, resold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the
publisher's prior consent in any form of binding or cover other
than that in which it is published and without a similar
condition including this condition being imposed on the
subsequen~ purchaser.
To the memory of
Late Professor N. R. Kuloor
Foreword
Materials Science is an interdisciplinary subject of great importance.
It is increasingly being recognised that a course in materials science
should form an essential part of engineering science curricula in
universities. This is because of the rapid progress being made in
the development of sophisticated tailor-made materials of desired
properties and specifications to suit specific needs. The subject is,
therefore, not only of relevance to engineering but also to physical
sciences, medical science, and other disciplines. Thus, modern
medical practice makes use of new bio-materials while modern
solid state chemistry is concerned with the synthesis of novel kinds
of compounds. An introduction to materials science will un
doubtedly enable students, teachers and professionals to appreciate
the problems related to materials in the modern world.
This book by Dr. Manas Chanda attempts to present an
introduction to engineering materials science, which I am sur~ will
be found useful by the scientific and educational community. Dr.
Chanda has taken pains to work out examples and problems which
will be useful to students. I recommend the book to students and
teachers of materials science.
Indian Institute of Science CNR RAO
Bangalore
22 February 1979
Preface
Virtually all present-day courses in engineering include a study of
the science of materials, which is perhaps a reflection of the feeling
that advances in engineering and technology are intimately related
to developments in engineering materials. The development of
principles which relate the properties and behaviour of materials to
their structures and environments has made possible a more
scientific and systematic approach to the study of materials science,
which not only eliminates the need for considering each of the
multitude of available engineering materials individuaUy, but even
permits the engineer to predict, at least qualitatively, the properties
and characteristics of materials that might be developed in future.
An understanding of the nature and behaviour of materials
calls for a broad spectrum of knowledge of various scientific and
engineering disciplines. The integration of theoretical principles
of these disciplines into a comprehensive and unified treatment of
all main classes of engineering materials is the basis for the emer
gence of the relatively new subject of materials science. It was
with this in mind that the present book was written.
This introductory text in engineering materials science is designed
for beginner students in various disciplines of engineering and
applied sciences. It, thus, builds on an elementary knowledge of
chemistry and a reasonable grounding in physics, avoiding, however,
the rigorous approach which is common in solid state physics
books. The book will also serve professional engineers who expect
to encounter materials in construction, in industrial production
and in engineering design situations, and scientists who seek a
basic understanding of the nature and behaviour of materials as a
x PREFACE
stepping stone for more advanced work in specific materials
problems.
The book consists of sixteen chapters, organised in three volumes,.
dealing respectively with structure of matter, materials of engineering,.
and engineering properties. The present volume, composed of five
chapters, is devoted to the study of internal structures of materials
in a logical sequence that proceeds from the simple to the more·
complex.
It is through a detailed understanding of the structure and inter-·
actions of atoms and molecules that we can understand the complex
behaviour of matter and materials around us. The atomic and
molecular theory of matter is thus the starting-point of the bewilder
ing number of fields and sub-fields into which science has branched
over the past century and provides a unifying theme that runs
through all these apparently diverse areas of science. Chapter 1
presents the modern picture of the atom adopting the nove)
approach to the teaching of basic atomic structure, in which the
ideas of wave mechanics are used, in a simplified form, from the·
beginning. In this treatment, however, more attention has been
paid to the extranuclear electronic structure, since it is this structure
dealing with the arrangement and distribution of the electrons
around the nucleus that determines the chemical behaviour of that
atom and influences .most of the properties of engineering interest.
The nature of interatomic and intermolecular forces is explained
in Chapter 2, while Chapter 3 is devoted to the study of
the different states of matter, emphasising the nature of
distribution of their component atoms and molecules and how this
determines their respective characteristic properties. Most of the
materials used in engineering are solids and most of the solids are
partly or completely crystalline, the structure of which may vary
from simple to very complex, according to the type of the bond
and the geometrical arrangement of constituent atoms or molecules.
The types of atomic arrangements in crystalline solids and the
types of crystal structures are treated in Chapter 4.
Real crystals are rarely perfect, and the natilre and extent of
crystal imp,erfection have a pronounced effect on their physical and
mechanical properties. Most of Chapter 5 is devoted to the study
of various types of crystal imperfections and the dependence of
properties upon them. The phenomenon of atomic movements in
solids, an extremely important physical process that occurs in many
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metallurgical processes and phenomena, is also treated in Chapter 5.
These five chapters provide a foundation for further development
of concepts necessary to understand phase equilibria, phase changes,
phase characteristics (microstructures), engineering materials, and
their properties, treated in Volumes 2 and 3.
The book contains many worked out examples and problems
for class assignment at the end of each chapter. Answers to numeri
cal problems are provided so that the student can check his
progress. The book, in addition, features an extensive bibliography
and original literature references.
I am deeply indebted to my faculty colleagues, friends, innumer
able students whom I met during my ten years of teaching
experience, and associates in other universities who have aided in
the preparation of the book. I regret that it is impossible to
thank each person individually. I have had the good fortune to
have Professor C.N.R. Rao read the manuscript and write a
Foreword to the book. My gratitude is due to Messrs M.N.
Chandrashekara, P. Raghavendrachar and C.C. Lakshmanan, who
have performed the painstaking task of proof-reading during my
stay abroad despite their busy involvement in research programmes,
and to my wife, Mridula, and daughter, Amrita, who steadfastly
tolerated the time devoted to the project. Finally, I should like to
thank the National Book Trust of India for extending financial
subsidy for the publication of the book.
Banga/ore MANAS CHANDA
February 1979
