Table Of ContentScience Times cum index 8/8/01 12:03 AM Page 1
Index
(cid:1)
Numbers in bold refer to
main biographical entries
This index is sorted word by word. prenatal medicine, VII:308
RU-486, VII:314, VII:316
Arabic name alphabetization: Arabic names
viability, VII:295
beginning with Al-/al- are entered on the Al-/al-
Abraham, Karl, VI:304
element and alphabetized by the element imme-
Abruzzi, Luigi Amedeo, VI:80
diately following, per standard indexing rules.
Abruzzo, Ben, VII:66,VII:72
Example: Al-Bekri will be found under B. Arabic
Absolute differential calculus, VI:288
names beginning with Ibn/ibn are entered on
Absolute geometry, V:202
the Ibn/ibn element and alphabetized by the ele-
Abu Khatar,II:68
ment immediately following, per standard
Abu Simbel temples, V:14–17,V:19, V:68
indexing rules. Example: ibn Sahl, Sabur will be
Abubacer. SeeIbn Tufayl
found under S.
Abundant and deficient numbers, I:218
Notable exceptions (such as Ibn Rushd and Académie Royale des Sciences, III:252, IV:306
Ibn Sina) are alphabetized under I, per standard Accademia dei Lincei, III:337
indexing rules. Other exceptions are entered in Accademia del Cimento (Academy of Experiments),
natural word order and alphabetized on the first III:337
element. Example: Thabit ibn Qurra will be Accidental and essential change, I:263
found under T. An Account of Expeditions to the Sources of the Mississip-
pi and through the Western Parts of Louisiana(Pike),
V:83
A Accountants, in trade, II:350
Accounting, Mesopotamia, I:158
Abacuses. SeeCounting and computing tools Acetyl-CoA, VI:124
Abano, Pietro d’, II:162–163 Acetylene, VI:508
Abbasid Dynasty, II:253–254 Achenwall, Gottfried, IV:261–262
Abbo of Fleury, II:233–234 Achilles and the tortoise, I:223, I:272
ABC (Atanasoff Berry Computer), VI:585 Acids. SeeMineral acids
Abel, Frederick, V:574 Ackermann, Wilhelm, VI:203
Abel, John Jacob, VI:389 ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), VI:108
Abel, Niels, V:241–242 Aconcagua, VI:25
Cauchy and, V:241, V:246–247 Acoustics, IV:327–329,IV:338, V:415–417,V:497
Crelle and, V:241, V:268 Békésy, VI:341, VII:176
elliptic functions, V:239–240, V:241 Doppler effect, V:427, V:494
Fermat’s last theorem, VII:193 hearing aids, VI:340–344, VI:390, VI:609
mathematical specialization, V:236 Acquired characteristics. SeeLamarckism
quintic equations, V:208–209, VI:250 Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. SeeAIDS
Abernethy, John, IV:182 (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
Abolitionists, IV:290 Acrylic, VI:530
Aboriginal people Acta Mathematica,VI:231
Australia exploration, V:29–30, V:43, V:73 ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone), VI:189,
Bates and, VI:81 VII:182
Abortion Actuarial science, IV:205, IV:206
birth control, VI:319–320, VII:314, VII:316 Acuña, Cristóbal de, III:97
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Acupuncture, I:99–101,VII:340 Baikie, V:90
Cumulative Aczel, Amir, VII:221 Baptista, V:91, V:94–95
Index Ad Vitellionem paralipomena(Kepler), III:349 Barth, V:63, V:66–67
Ada programming language, VII:575 Bombay role, V:92
Adahu, II:97 Brazza, V:92
Adams, Frank, VII:259 Caillié, V:93
Adams, George, Jr., IV:183 Cameron, V:54, V:93
Adams, George, Sr., IV:183 Capello/Ivens, V:93, V:94
Adams, Henry, VII:548 Du Chaillu, V:93
Adams, John Couch, V:459 Junker, V:95
elliptic functions, V:240 Kingsley, V:95
Neptune, discovery of, V:417, V:418–419, Krapf/Rebmann, V:95, V:98
V:459, V:477–478, V:495 Marchand, V:96
Adams, Walter Sydney, VI:500 Murphy, VII:56
Adams, William G., VII:487 Nachtigal, V:96
Addams, Jane, VI:377 Nile River source, V:44–46,V:54, V:68–69,
Addison, Thomas, V:376 V:91, V:92, V:94, V:98–99
Adelard of Bath, II:221 Rohlfs, V:98
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), VI:124, VI:165, Sheldon, V:98, VI:86
VI:166 Stanley, V:53–56, V:92, V:99
Ader, Clément, V:600 star catalogs, V:429
Adhesive tapes, surgical, I:94 steamboats, V:517
Adleman, Leonard M., VII:237, VII:265 Thesiger, VI:77–78
Adler, Alfred, V:354, VI:301, VI:302, VI:376 Thomson, V:100
Al-Adli, II:234 West Africa exploration, 2000 B.C.to 699 A.D.,
Adrenaline, VI:194 I:17–20
Adrian, Lord Edgar Douglas, VI:116, VI:117, VI:180, West Africa exploration, 700 to 1449, II:43–48
VI:396 See alsoEgypt, exploration of; Livingstone,
Adsorption chromatography, VI:496–497 David
Aedesius, I:68 African-American medical practitioners
Aegean civilization. SeeCrete; Greece, ancient Augusta, V:377
Aeneid(Virgil), I:40 Barnes, VI:389
Aeolipiles, I:404 Canady, VII:375–376
Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodosius, IV:357 Carson, VII:350
Aerial circumnavigation Cobb, VI:391
by balloon, VII:41–43,VII:54–55, VII:57 Crumpler, V:379
Finch, VII:69 dentists, V:332, VII:309
1924 flights, VI:32, VI:84, VI:86 Drew, VI:317, VI:392
Post, VI:30, VI:85 Mahoney, V:304
Rutan/Yeager, VII:36–38,VII:60–61, Williams, V:387
VII:65–66 African-Americans
Aerodynamics, IV:313, VI:509 astronauts, VII:18, VII:31, VII:53–54, VII:67,
Aerosol cans, VI:612 VII:70
AES (atomic emission spectroscopy), V:443 aviation, VI:17, VI:56–57, VII:16
Aetius of Amida, I:148 explorers, V:94, V:97, VI:14–15, VI:61–62
Ibn Aflah, Jabir, II:236–237 inventors, V:597–598, V:606, V:607, V:610,
Africa V:611
East African trading cities, II:59–61 life scientists, VI:156–157, VI:323, VI:324,
as original population source, V:108 VI:377–378, VII:169–170
slavery, I:362, II:44, II:48, II:61, II:94 mathematicians, VI:242, VI:243–244,VI:283,
See alsoAfrica, exploration and colonization of; VII:266, VII:267, VII:268, VII:269, VII:272
Imperialism/colonialism; Slavery and slave physical scientists, VI:486, VII:467
trade; Tropical medicine See alsoAfrican-American medical practitioners
Africa, exploration and colonization of, III:58–60, African Association, IV:29, IV:57
III:60–62, IV:29–31,IV:57, IV:73 Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe, V:181,V:459–460
Delia Akeley, VI:29, VI:49–50 Cuvier and, V:116, V:460
Mary Akeley, VI:80 Darwin and, V:109, V:460
Andersson, V:90 ecology, V:151
by automobile, VI:33–34, VI:82 Humboldt and, V:5
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Ice Age theories, V:181, V:452–453, V:493, Aiden, Saint, I:53
V:502 AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), Cumulative
Age of Enlightenment. SeeEnlightenment, Age of VII:296, VII:300–303 Index
”Age of Settlement,” II:54, II:55 epidemiology, VII:342–343
Ageism, VII:336 Harrison, VII:180
Aging. SeeGerontology public health, VII:345
Agnesi, Maria Gaëtana, IV:212, IV:243–244 vaccine search, VII:365–366
Agnodice, I:148 virus discovery, VII:301, VII:357–358,
Agnosticism, V:163 VII:364–365
Agoraphobia, V:387 women, VII:305
Agramonte, Aristides, V:354 Aiken, Howard, V:510, VI:554, VI:604,VI:614,
Agricola, Georgius, III:332, III:360–361, VII:560
III:435–438, III:481 Aiken, John, IV:183
Agriculture Air conditioning, II:331, V:440–441, VI:606
books, IV:388 Air pumps, III:372
Carver, VI:156–157 Air traffic control, VI:540
China, ancient, I:310, II:248–249 Airbags, VII:571
crop rotation, II:358, III:440–443 Aircraft. SeeAviation
crops, domestication, I:314–316 Aircraft carriers, VI:526, VI:573
early twentieth-century development, Airplanes. SeeAviation
VI:148–151 Airships, VI:518–521,VI:602–603
enclosure system, IV:378, IV:387 Airy, George, V:418, V:459
exchange of plants between Europe and North Ajza. SeeSeven climates (cartography)
America, III:158–159 Akeley, Carl Ethan, VI:29, VI:49, VI:80
genetic diversity, V:128, VI:151, VII:92 Akeley, Delia, VI:29, VI:49–50
genetic engineering, VII:107–108, VII:145 Akeley, Mary Lee Jobe, VI:80
heredity, V:128, V:140 Akerblad, Johan, V:19
industrialization of, IV:386–391 Akhenaton, I:410
inventions, IV:388 Akkadian language, V:34–35
irrigation, I:332, I:333 Akkadian number symbols, I:179
late twentieth-century development, Akutsu, Tetsuzo, VII:311, VII:313
VII:106–109 Al-Andalus. SeeSpain
Liebig, V:126–127, V:165–166 Al-jabr.SeeAlgebra
Lysenkoism, V:321, VI:145–148,VI:167–168 Al-Kitab ar-Rujari.SeeThe Book of Roger(Al-Idrisi)
Mesoamerica, II:378 Alaminos, Anton de, III:97
Middle East, II:329–330 Alaska, IV:18–19
nineteenth-century development, V:126–128 Albany Memorial Hospital, Gannon v.,VII:295
plows, I:310, II:357–359 Albategnius. SeeAl-Battani
revolution, IV:377–378 Albert, Abraham Adrian, VI:280
rise of civilization, I:309–312 Albert of Saxony, II:308,V:213
soil conservation, VI:181 Albert the Great. SeeAlbertus Magnus
terracing, II:378 Alberti, Leon Battista, II:221–222,II:308,III:253,
Théatre d’agriculture(Serres), III:201–202 III:454, III:481,V:199
threshing machine, IV:388 Albertus Magnus, II:154–156, II:157–159,II:180,
tractors, IV:389 II:276–277, II:290
See alsoAgriculture, mechanization of; Domes- Albinus, Bernard Siegfried, IV:183
tication, animals; Hybrids Albright, Fuller, VI:111–112, VI:346
Agriculture, mechanization of Albucasis. Seeal-Zahrawi, Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-
electricity, V:557–558 Abbas
internal combustion engine, V:543–544 Albumasar. SeeMa’shar, Abu
petroleum, V:541, VII:107 Albuquerque, Afonso de, III:97
reaping machine, V:523–525, V:592–593 Alchemy, II:277–281
Agrippa, Henricus Cornelius, III:387 Alchemia(Libavius), III:377–378
Ahlfors, Lars Valerian, VI:257 biotechnology, VII:96
Ahlquist, Jon E., VII:175 medical therapy, III:156–157, III:197
Ahmes, I:224 transformation into chemistry, III:329–331,
Ahmes Papyrus. SeeRhind Papyrus III:363
Ahura-Mazda, I:15 vitalism, V:122
AI. SeeArtificial intelligence (AI) See alsoChemistry; Iatrochemistry
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Alcmaeon, I:134–135 Deligne, VII:268
Cumulative Alcock, John, VI:30, VI:32, VI:66, VI:80 Enriques, VI:284
Index Alcock, Thomas, VI:440 enumerative geometry, V:274
Alcott, Louisa May, V:315 Grothendieck, VII:250
Alcuin, II:234 Kodaira, VII:253
Alderotti, Taddeo, II:163 Mordell’s Conjecture, VII:197–199,
Aldrin, Eugene Edwin (“Buzz”), VII:19, VII:21, VII:249–250
VII:66,VII:68 Mori, VII:222, VII:223, VII:273
Aldrovandi, Ulisse, III:168–169, III:210,III:387 Noether, V:273
Alexander, James Waddell, VI:280 projective geometry, V:201
Alexander III, Pope, II:57 Weil conjectures, VI:277, VII:251
Alexander III of Macedon. SeeAlexander the Great Zeuthen, V:276
Alexander the Great, I:30–35,I:62–63 Algebraic topology, V:205, VII:233–235,VII:268
food preservation, V:538 Algeria, VII:244
Nearchus and, I:27–29, I:78 ALGOL, VII:196, VII:496, VII:555, VII:556
Royal Road, I:372 Algorithmic complexity theory, VII:197
Troy, V:51 Algorithms, II:202, VII:207–208
undersea exploration, III:418, VI:38 Alhazen. Seeal-Haytham, Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-
Alexander VI, Pope, III:49, III:61 Hasan ibn
Alexanderson, E., VI:591 `Ali, Muhammad, V:45
Alexandrov, Pavel, VI:280 Ibn Ali Harasi, Abu Mansur Muwaffak, II:180
Alexius I Comnenus, II:12 Alighieri, Dante, I:261, II:309
Alfarabius. Seeal-Farabi, Abu Nasr Alkaloids, V:187
Alfonsine Tables, II:266, III:319, III:380–381 Alkindus. Seeal-Kindi, Abu Yusuf Ya Qub ibn Ishaq
Alfonso X of Castile, II:308 al-Sabbah
Alfraganus. Seeal-Farghani, Abu’l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Allee, Warder C., VI:180
Muhammad ibn Kathir ecology, VI:140–141, VI:180
Alfred of Sareshel, II:308 ethology, VI:131, VI:132, VI:133
Algae, V:188–189 Allegories, I:289
Algebra, I:168, I:191–193,II:192–193, II:200–202, Allen, Bryan, VII:66
II:298 Allen, John, V:331
algebraic topology, V:205, VII:233–235, Allen, Paul, VII:510, VII:553–554,VII:558
VII:268 Allen, Willard, VI:180–181
analysis, III:232–234, IV:232–234 Allergies, VI:365, VI:395
axiomatization of, VI:250–252,VI:271 Allosteric regulation, VII:167
Betti, V:266 Almagest(Ptolemy), I:195, I:198, I:229,I:250, I:261,
computer science, VII:273 II:267–268, III:319
Darboux, V:268 Almagro, Diego de, III:97
equations, III:239–241,III:250–251 Alp, Halton Christian, VII:392
Fundamental Theorem, V:252 Alpetragius. SeeAl-Bitruji
homological, VI:254–256,VI:287 Alpha helix, VI:490
mathematical logic, V:224–225, V:274 Alphabetic number system. SeeIonian number system
nineteenth-century development, V:214–217 Alphabets. SeeWriting systems
number theory, V:197 Alphanus, II:113
Peirce, V:273 Alpher, Ralph, VI:501
quaternion theory, V:215, V:254–255, V:268, Alpini, Prospero, III:210
VI:251 Alpinism, IV:42–44,IV:72
quintic equations, V:208–210, V:241, V:266, Alps, VI:25
V:268, V:274, VI:250 Alternative medicine
semisimple, VI:294 1450 to 1699, III:141–144
Sylvester, V:275 nineteenth century, V:314–317,V:357–358,
vector analysis, V:201, V:214, V:215–216 V:374
Waerden, VI:294 twentieth century, VII:339–341
Wedderburn, VI:251, VI:294 See alsoMedicinal plant use; Traditional heal-
See alsoAlgebraic geometry; Analytic geometry; ing
Boolean algebra; Lie algebra; Mathematics; Althing, II:55
specific people Altman, Sidney, VII:177
Algebraic geometry Alvarado, Pedro de, III:97
Clebsch, V:267, V:269 Alvares, Francisco, III:97
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Alvarez, Luis Walter, VII:416–417, VII:441–442, Anatomy, human
VII:462, VII:485 animal dissection, I:125, II:126, II:158 Cumulative
Alvarez, Walter Asaro, VII:416, VII:442, Bambuti people, VI:28 Index
VII:462–463,VII:485 comparative, V:115–116, V:159, V:188
Alvarez de Piñeda, Alonso, III:22–24,III:72–73 Evans, VI:185
Alzheimer’s disease, VII:318, VII:335, VII:340 Gray, V:381
AMA (American Medical Association), VI:358, Henle, V:381
VII:337 His, V:185
Amazon River exploration, III:49–51,IV:6–8,IV:68 human dissection, I:125, I:141, I:144, II:118,
Ambulances, V:332–333, V:362 II:126–128
Amenemhet III, I:410 Knox, V:382
American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), VI:108 pathology, IV:121–123, IV:148
American Medical Association (AMA), VI:358, sculpture, I:151
VII:337 significant developments, 1450-1699,
American Museum of Natural History, VI:51, VI:87, III:151–153
VI:191 tissue doctrine, IV:114–115,IV:151
American Ornithology(Wilson), V:120 See alsoIllustration, medical; Physiology
American Revolution, submarines, VII:9 Anatomy, microscopic, III:196
American West, Exploration of. SeeNorth America, Anawrahta, II:97
exploration of Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, I:224,I:239, I:242,
Ammonius Hermiae, I:224 I:274–276
Ammonius Saccus, I:224 Anaximander of Miletus, I:238, I:241, I:276
Amniocentesis, VII:306–307, VII:375 Anaximenes of Miletus, I:241, I:298
Amontons, Guillaume, III:387–388 And the Band Played On(film), VII:358
Ampère, André Marie, V:491 Anders, William A., VII:66
geology, VI:459 Anderson, Carl David, VI:475, VII:427
Liouville and, V:258 Anderson, Elizabeth Garrett, V:351, V:377
number theory, V:221 Anderson, Herbert L., VI:450
Oersted and, V:217, V:482, V:483 Anderson, Kristian, VII:66
wave theory of light, V:218 Anderson, Maxie, VII:66,VII:72
Amplification, VI:605 Anderson, Philip, VI:512, VII:466
Amputation, IV:140–141 Andersson, Carl John, V:90
Amundsen, Roald, VI:50–51 Andersson, Johan Gunnar, VI:80
North Pole, VI:15, VI:54 Andral, Gabriel, V:377
Northwest Passage, III:35, V:22, V:39, V:76, Andre-Deshays, Claudie, VII:18
VI:10–12 Andreesen, Marc, VII:524–525, VII:554–555
South Pole, VI:11, VI:14, VI:75, VI:86, VII:49 Andrews, Roy Chapman, VI:181
Amunirdis I, I:84 Andrews, Thomas, V:491
Amyand, Claudius, IV:183 Andronikos of Kyrrhestes, I:298
Anaerobes, VI:352 Anel, Dominque, IV:183
Analyse des Infiniment Petits four l’intelligence des lignes Anesthesiology, V:296–299,V:335–336, VI:337
courbes(L’Hospital), III:258 dentistry, V:298, V:332–333, V:335, V:373,
Analysis, mathematical, III:232–234,IV:232–234 V:383, V:384, VI:321, VI:322
Analytic geometry, III:241–243,III:251, III:252, hypodermic syringe, V:336, V:385
III:390 Koller, V:298–299, V:336, V:382
See alsoAlgebra; Geometry; Mathematics Long, V:297, V:336, V:373, V:383
Analytic (Jungian) psychology, VI:302, VI:394 Simpson, V:298, V:336, V:372, V:373
Analytical Institutions(Agnesi), IV:212 Snow, V:298, V:336, V:374
Analytical Theory of Probability(Laplace), V:206 women in, VI:336, VII:347–348
Anaphylaxis, VI:328 Aneurysms, II:175, VI:394
Anarcharis of Scythia, I:410 Anfinsen, Christian Boehmer, VII:175,VII:183,
Anasazi, II:364–365 VII:185
Anatoli, Jacob, II:309 Anger, Hal, VII:320
Anatomia uteri humani gravidi tabulis illustrata (The Angiography, VII:356
Anatomy of the Human Gravid Uterus Exhibited in Angioplasty, VII:294, VII:378
Figures) (Hunter), IV:165 Angiosperms, V:114
Anatomical-Pathological Researches on Phthisis(Louis), Angkor Wat temple complex, II:366–367,II:387,
V:365 II:393
Anatomie hepatitis(Glisson), III:189 Angle, Edward H., VI:323, VI:389
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Anglicus, Bartholomeus, II:180,II:309 Antergan, VI:328
Cumulative Anglicus, Richard, II:315 Anthemius of Tralles, I:411
Index Anglicus, Robertus, II:239 Anthoniszoon, Adriaen, III:301
Animal behavior. SeeEthology Anthrax, V:139–140, V:305, V:306–307, V:308–309,
Animal electricity, IV:158 V:359
Animal experimentation, IV:113, IV:117–118 Anthropic principle, VII:472
Animal magnetism. SeeMesmerism Anthropology
Animal organ transplants (xenotransplantation), Bambuti people, VI:27–29
VII:287, VII:312, VII:313 Bates, VI:81
Animal species, exchange of, III:158–160 Blumenbach, IV:151–152
See alsoZoology Boas, VI:142, VI:143, VI:144, VI:145,
Animalcules, IV:97, IV:99, IV:173 VI:155–156
Animals cultural, V:189, VI:143–144, VI:155
anatomy and dissection, I:125, II:126, II:158 cultural diffusion, VI:62–63
animal oils, I:354 evolutionary theory, V:107, V:189,
barnacle geese, II:160 VI:142–143, VI:156
bestiaries, II:157 genetics, V:107, V:108, V:321
Bucephalus, I:62 Mead, VI:144, VI:156, VI:168–169
cats, II:131 psychology, VI:144, VI:301
”Celestial Horses,” I:37–38 racism, V:106, V:107–108, V:153–154,
disease, spread from, I:311 VI:142–143
domestication, I:311, I:312–314 twentieth century developments, VI:142–145
falconry, II:159–162 See alsoPaleoanthropology; Physical anthropol-
gorillas, I:19 ogy
Hebrew dietary laws, I:105–106 Anti-Semitism, II:382–383, VII:244
Historia animalium(Aristotle), I:118 See alsoNazi impact on science
horses, I:312–314,II:357–358, III:28 Anti-vivisectionists, IV:113, IV:118
llamas, I:342 Antibiotics, VI:310–313,VI:366–367, VI:373–375
mummification of, I:95 biotechnology, VII:143, VII:144
rats, II:129, II:131 Domagk, VI:365, VI:391–392
whales, I:56–57 epidemiology, VII:342
See alsoZoology military influences, VI:354
Animism, IV:113, IV:119, V:129 public health, VII:345
Annales de Mathématiques Pures et Appliquées,V:200, syphilis, VI:315, VI:370–371
V:226, V:227, V:229, V:269 Waksman, VI:149–150, VI:398
Annapurna, VI:83 Antibodies, VII:178, VII:181, VII:183, VII:184
Anne of Bohemia, II:396 See alsoImmunology
Anning, Mary, V:455 Anticoagulants, VI:394, VI:395
Anno Domini(in the year of our Lord) (A.D.), Antihistamines, VI:328–329,VI:364, VI:365
I:278–279 Antimatter, VII:407
Anothomia(Mondino dei Liucci), II:177 Antiochus the Great, I:84
Anson, George, IV:77 Antiphon the Sophist, I:224
Antagonist therapies, VI:333, VI:388 Antipyretics. SeeAspirin
Antarctic exploration Antisepsis, V:299–301,V:335, V:336–337,
Bellinghausen, V:31, V:32, V:91 V:363–364, VI:335–336
Byrd, VI:54, VII:67 germ theory of disease, V:138, V:172, V:299,
Charcot, VI:81 V:336–337
Dumont d’Urville, V:32, V:72 military influences, VI:353
Drygalski, VI:82 public health, V:344–345
Fuchs, VII:49–50, VII:53, VII:440 Watson, V:387
International Geophysical Year, VII:438–439, Antiseptics, IV:141
VII:440 Antitoxin, V:307, V:347, V:348, V:386, VI:389
Mawson, VI:75, VI:84 Anza, Juan Bautista de, IV:77
meteorites, VII:417 Apeiron,I:241
Ross, V:22, V:86 Aperture synthesis, VII:396–397, VII:398, VII:453
Shackleton, VI:15, VI:75–76, VI:78 Apgar, Virginia, VII:347–348
Steger, VII:74 Apian, Peter, III:388
Wilkes, V:31–33,V:63, V:72, V:89, VI:14 Apollo Program. SeeMoon landings
See alsoSouth Pole, exploration of Apollonius of Perga, I:203,V:198
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Apothecaries and herbalists, II:113, II:152, Petra, V:67–68
III:124–125, III:142–143, III:194, IV:181 Petrie, V:97, VI:22, VI:55 Cumulative
Appel, Kenneth I., VII:196, VII:225, VII:265 prehistoric tools, England, IV:44–47 Index
Appell, Paul, V:467 Reisner, VI:85
Appert, Nicolas, III:453, V:514, V:575–576 Rosetta Stone, V:16, V:17–20, V:69
Apple Computer, Inc., VII:510, VII:538, Tennessee Valley Authority, VI:563
VII:561–562, VII:570–571 Troy, V:49–51, V:86–87
Appleton, Edward Victor, VI:500 Tutankhamen’s tomb, VI:22–24,VI:55–56
Appliances. SeeHousehold work Ubar, VII:67
Appropriate technology movement, VII:545–547, Ur, VI:87
VII:567–568 Arches, Roman, I:327, I:328
APT computer language, VI:241 Archimedes, I:225,I:276–277,I:363–365,I:388
Aqalim. SeeSeven climates (cartography) biographies, VII:220
Aqua regia,II:280 calculus, VI:212, VI:213
Aqualung, VI:607, VI:608, VII:47 ”cattle of the sun” problem, VII:275
Aqueducts. SeeWater management nineteenth-century study of, V:198
Aquinas, Thomas. SeeThomas Aquinas, Saint number theory, V:222
Arabic cultures. SeeMiddle East; Middle East, explo- pi, III:265, IV:209
ration of squaring the circle, I:184
Arabic numbers. SeeHindu-Arabic number system Architecture
Arago, Dominique François Jean, V:460–461 advances, 1700 to 1799, IV:408–411
astronomy, V:419, V:461 Angkor Wat temple complex, II:366–367,
Cauchy and, V:247 II:387, II:393
ether theories of light, V:400–401 building materials, Middle East, II:330
Liouville and, V:258 Byzantine, I:405–406
number theory, V:221 castles, II:368–370
photography, V:520 cathedrals, Gothic, II:370–373,II:394
wave theory of light, V:395, V:461, V:466 cliff dwellings of Mesa Verde, II:364–365
Arakelov theorem, VII:198 Corinthian columns, I:35, I:409
Aral Sea, exploration of, II:30–31 Doric columns, I:409
Aranzio, Giulio Cesare, III:210 Eiffel Tower, V:603
Aratrum,II:357 elevators, V:534
Arber, Werner, VII:175,VII:183, VII:185 Empire State Building, VI:544–546
Arbogast, Louis François Antoine, IV:262, geodesic domes, VI:288
V:265–266 Great Wall of China, I:340–342,I:399, I:412
Arbuthnot, John, IV:183,IV:262 Hadrian’s Wall, I:403
Arc lamps, V:492, V:553, V:610 India, ancient, I:335–337
Archaeology Ionic columns, I:409
Abu Simel temples, V:14–17, V:19, V:68 lighting systems, V:555
Bell, VI:81 masonry, II:379, II:394
Boucher de Crevecoeur de Perthes, V:151, Mayan Empire, I:337–340
V:182 muqarnas,II:216–218
carbon-14 dating, VI:6, VI:506, VI:610–611, Offa’s Dyke, II:389
VII:544 Palace of Versailles, III:457–459
cave paintings, VI:41–43,VII:39–41 Palladio, Andrea, III:453–456,III:476
China, VII:25–28 Paxton, V:608
Crete, VI:4–6,VI:58–59, VI:85, VII:3–6, Roman Empire, I:326–332
VII:64–65 Seven Wonders of the Ancient World,
Dead Sea Scrolls, VI:6, VI:7–9 I:323–326,II:7
epochs, V:186–187 steel production, V:537
geodesic domes, VI:288, VII:557 Sullivan, V:609
Herculaneum and Pompeii, IV:39–42,IV:66 See alsoBridges; Houses; Pyramids
Inca Empire, VI:20, VI:21, VI:52–53 Archytas of Tarentum, I:204–205,I:411
Lepsius, V:70, V:96 Arcolani (Arculanus), Giovanni, III:210
Mayan Empire, VII:71, VII:73 Arctic exploration, IV:27–29,IV:66–67
Mesopotamia, V:33–35, V:67, V:95–96, Boyd, VI:81
V:97–98 Ellsworth, VI:15, VI:51, VI:78, VI:82
North America, V:99, VI:83 Franklin, V:75–76
Olmec civilization, VI:87 Hall, V:94
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Herbert, VII:52 paleontology, V:115
Cumulative International Geophysical Year, VII:438, photography, III:423, V:520
Index VII:440 physics, I:272–274
Kane, V:95 planetary motion, III:319, III:342–343
McClure, V:38–40, V:80–81 Plato and, I:135
Nansen, V:96 rainbows, II:272
Nobile, VI:15, VI:51, VI:84 scientific method, III:369
North Pole, magnetic, V:20–22, V:85, V:86, terrestrial events, observation of, I:266–267
VII:49, VII:63–64 theory of substance, III:354
Northeast Passage, V:61–63, V:81–82 See alsoMotion
Parry, V:85, V:97 Arithmetica(Diophantus), I:177, I:209, III:259
Payer, V:97 Arithmetica Infinitorum (Infinitesimal Arithmetic)(Wal-
Peary, V:97, VI:62, VI:69 lis), III:255
Rasmussen, VI:71–72 Arkell, William, VII:463
Steger, VII:74 Arkwright, Richard, IV:423–424
Wilkins, VI:78 Armat, Thomas, V:569
See alsoNorth Pole, geographic Armati, Salvino degli, II:396
Arctic Zoology(Pennant), V:120 Armillary spheres, II:258
Ardha-Magadhi Prakrit,I:246 Armor. SeeBody armor
Ardinghelli, Maria Angela, IV:357 Armour, Philip, V:515
Ardrey, Robert, VII:125 Arms race. SeeCold War
Aretaeus of Cappadocia, I:149 Armstrong, Edwin H., VI:604
Arezzo, Ristoro d’, II:315 Armstrong, Henry Edward, VI:484
Argand, Aimé, IV:440 Armstrong, Karl, VII:244
Argand, François Ami, V:553 Armstrong, Neil, VII:15, VII:19, VII:21, VII:46–47,
Argand, Jean-Robert, V:215, V:266 VII:62, VII:66, VII:68
Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August, V:429–430, Armstrong, William George, V:600–601
V:491 Arnarson, Ingólfur, II:54, II:70
Arguin Island slave-trading center, II:43, II:44, II:94 Arnold, Edward, V:546
Aristaeus the Elder, I:205 Arnold, Henry H. (“Hap”), VI:601
Aristarchus of Samos, I:194, I:225,I:260, I:277–278 Aromatherapy, VII:341
Aristophanes, V:222 Around the World in Eighty Days(Verne), V:64
Aristotle ARPAnet, VII:523–524, VII:539
aging, VII:334 Arrhenius, Svante August, V:434–435, V:443, V:483,
Alexander the Great and, I:30, I:136 V:491
astronomy, II:260 Arrian, I:28
atomic theory, V:430 Arrow, Kenneth J., VII:265
Bambuti people, VI:27 Ars magna(Llull), II:300
ban on study of, II:286–287, II:290 Ars Magna lucis et umbrae(Kircher), III:429–430
biology, I:116–119 Ars Magna (The Great Art)(Cardano), III:239, III:245,
catastrophe theory, VII:231 III:246, III:282
chemical theory, I:262–265 Art
cosmology, I:258–259 cave paintings, VI:41–43, VII:39–41
Earth, shape of, I:393 China, ancient, II:19
ecology, VI:139 forgeries, VII:544
ethics, I:136 geometry, V:198–199
four elements (air, earth, fire, water), I:115, Gupta Dynasty, I:336
I:263–264, II:269–270 Hellenistic Era, I:35
grand unified theories, VII:435 Maurya Dynasty, I:335, I:336
heredity, V:140 Mesoamerica, II:380
Ibn Rushd’s commentaries of, II:170 mosaics, I:406
infinite quantities, VII:199 ornithology, V:120, V:154, VII:73
influence on the sciences, I:135–136,I:298 popular, IV:398, IV:399
logic, I:181–182 sculpture and anatomy, I:151
mammalian reproduction, V:117 suspension bridges, V:560
mathematical logic, V:211, V:224, V:233 tuberculosis, V:309
microbiology, V:136 ART (assisted reproductive technologies),
natural philosophy, III:314–315 VII:354–355, VII:367, VII:371–372, VII:375
neurology, VII:133 Artaxerxes II, I:22–23
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Artedi, Peter, IV:147 life scientists, VI:189, VI:194, VII:182
Artemidorus Daldianus, I:149 mathematicians, VI:282, VII:222, VII:267, Cumulative
Artemisia of Caria, I:149 VII:270, VII:271, VII:276 Index
Arthur, Chester A., V:346 medical practitioners, VI:320, VII:367–368,
Artificial hearts, VII:311–314,VII:352–353, VII:376, VII:379
VII:362–363, VII:378 physical scientists, VII:407–408, VII:422,
Artificial insemination, VI:149 VII:461–462, VII:468, VII:470, VII:472,
Artificial intelligence (AI) VII:473
Feigenbaum/Feldman, VII:573 Askey, Richard, VII:265
future of, VII:550 Al-Asmai, II:180
mathematics, VII:195 Asoka, I:63–64
McCarthy, VII:565 Aspartame, VII:471
Minsky, VII:577 Aspdin, Joseph, V:601
Newell, VII:578 Asphyxiation, VI:347–348
robotics, VII:502, VII:503 Aspirin, V:497, VI:359–362
Simon, VII:580 Assassins (radical group), II:232
Turing, VI:275 Assembly lines, VI:557, VI:594
Artificial limbs, VI:384 Assisted reproductive technologies (ART),
Artificial radioactivity, VI:447–450, VI:478, VI:480, VII:354–355, VII:367, VII:371–372, VII:375
VI:505 Associationism, IV:119–120, IV:162
Artificial respiration, VI:348–349, VII:329 See alsoEmpiricism
See alsoCardiopulmonary resuscitation Associations for the Advancement of Science, V:458
Artillery. SeeMilitary technology Assyria, V:33–35,V:67, V:95–96
Artin, Emil, VI:251, VI:280,VI:294 Astadhyayi(Panini), I:228
Aryabhata II, II:234 Asteroids, V:252, V:420–422,V:484–485, VII:421
Aryabhata the Elder, I:163, I:195–196, I:205–206, Asthma, VI:323, VI:324, VI:325, VI:329
I:246–247, I:298,II:196 Aston, Francis William, VI:500
Aryabhatiya(Aryabhata the Elder), I:206, I:246 Astrolabes, II:46, II:69, II:258–259
Aryans, I:13, I:335 Astrology, I:248–250,I:251, II:280
Arzachel. Seeal-Zarqali, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Yahya See alsoMedical astrology
Asclepiades of Bithynia, I:115, I:136–137 Astronauts. SeeSpace exploration
Asclepius, I:108, I:111, I:113, I:145 Astronomical clocks, II:250, II:258
Ascoli, Cecco d’, II:309 Astronomical unit, VI:505
Ascoli, Saladin di, II:152 Astronomy
Aselli, Gaspere, III:211 asteroids and meteorites, V:252, V:420–422,
Asepsis, V:299–301,V:371–372 V:484–485, VII:415–418, VII:442,
See alsoAntisepsis VII:462–463
Ashburn, Percy, VI:389 astrology, I:248–250,I:251
Ashley, William Henry, V:90 astronomical tables, II:259, II:264–266
Ashurbanipal, I:388 astronomical unit, VI:505
Asia. SeeAsia, exploration of; specific countries ballooning, VI:37–38, VII:438
Asia, exploration of Bhattacharyya, VII:463
automobile expedition, VI:33–35,VI:82 Blaaue, VII:463
Cheesman, VI:81–82 Bond, V:492
Indonesia, V:97 chaos theory, VII:415
Japan, V:98 China, I:256–257, II:248, II:250
Maillart, VI:84 comets, II:249, III:342–345,III:345, III:381,
New Guinea, V:58–60, V:71–72 IV:279–282,IV:343, V:494, V:495, V:499,
Northeast Passage, V:61–63, V:81–82 V:500, VII:451–452, VII:467
Russian expansion, V:56–58, V:83–84 cosmic rays, VI:37–38, VI:489, VII:438,
700 to 1449, II:24–29 VII:470
Silk Road, VI:33–35 dynamics and celestial mechanics,
2000 B.C.to 699 A.D., I:59–61,II:24–29 IV:222–224,IV:279, IV:347
Younghusband, VI:88 Earth’s circumference, I:196–198,I:210, I:268
See alsoChina, exploration of; Middle East, eclipses, I:255–257
exploration of; Tibet, exploration of; specific epicycle hypothesis, I:294
countries extrasolar planets, VII:45, VII:421–423
Asian-Americans Gauss, V:252, V:420, V:421, V:422, V:484–485
computer scientists, VII:580 gravitational constant, IV:313–315
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Great Barringer meteor crater, VI:456–459, x rays, VII:470–471
Cumulative VI:500–501 See alsoCelestial mechanics; Cosmic back-
Index Greek, III:339–340 ground radiation; Cosmology; Extraterres-
Hubble, V:427, VI:417, VI:422–423, VI:428, trial life; Geocentrism; Geometry; Heliocen-
VI:482–483 trism; Hubble Space Telescope; Navigation;
instruments, III:335, III:340–341, III:367–368 Ptolemy (Greek mathematician); Radio
interstellar matter, VI:421, VI:504, VI:511, astronomy; Spectroscopy; Star catalogs;
VII:452 Stellar evolution; Stellar measurement;
Kuiper, VI:506 Trigonometry; Women astronomers
Laplace, V:220, V:239, V:257, V:258 Astrophysics
Maanen, VI:507 Eddington, VI:423, VI:502
Fourier analysis, V:195
Maragha Observatory, II:232–233, II:268–269
Hale, VI:421, VI:422, VI:428, VI:504
measurement, III:364–365, III:379–380,
III:382 Saha, VI:446
meteorites, IV:338–339 See alsoAstronomy; Big Bang theory; Stellar
evolution
Middle East, 700 to 1449, II:267–269
Aswan High Dam, V:14, V:16–17
Möbius, V:272
Atahuallpa, III:47–48, III:90–91, III:93
nebular hypothesis, IV:285–287,IV:348,
V:257, V:421, VI:512 Atalla, M. M. (“John”), VII:479
Neptune, discovery of, V:417–419,V:421, Atanasoff, John V., VI:554, VI:584–585,VI:605,
V:459, V:461, V:477–478, V:495 VII:564
observatories, III:351–353,III:364, Atanasoff Berry Computer (ABC), VI:585
III:366–367 Atheism, IV:285–286
Oort, VII:451–452 Atiyah, Michael Francis, VII:259–260
photography in, V:425,V:426,V:454, V:494, Atlantic Ocean, myths, II:44
V:500, VI:503 Atlas(Mercator), III:89–90
physics, IV:222, IV:224 Atmospheric study. SeeMeteorology
planetary equatorium, II:293 Atomic bomb. SeeNuclear weapons
planetary motion, III:319, III:328–329, IV:223, Atomic clocks, VII:482
IV:280–281 Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), V:443
planets, discovery of, IV:283–284 Atomic Energy Commission, VI:153
planets, origin of names, I:252 Atomic models, V:408–410,VI:432–434
plate tectonics, VII:389–390 Bohr, VII:464, VII:468–469
Pons, V:500 quantum mechanics, VI:418–419, VI:433–434,
probability theory, IV:223 VI:443, VI:470
professionalization of science, V:457 Sommerfeld, VI:419, VI:511
pulsars, VII:393–396,VII:397, VII:398, Thomson, V:488, VI:433, VII:426
VII:442–443, VII:466, VII:467 See alsoParticle physics
quadrants, II:259 Atomic structure. SeeAtomic models; Atomic theory
quasars, VII:390–393,VII:397, VII:398, Atomic theory, V:430–433,V:442, V:468–469
VII:455, VII:456, VII:471 chemotherapy, VI:313
radar, VI:429, VI:466–468 crystallography, V:445
religion, II:259–262,IV:277–279,IV:285–286 Henry, V:431, V:469, V:475, V:476
Russell’s methodology, VI:509–510 importance of, V:414–415
Samarkand Observatory, II:307 metabolism, V:122–123
Shapley, VI:422, VI:510 periodic table, V:436–437, V:464
solar observation, V:426, V:444, V:486–487, subatomic particles, VII:426
V:493, V:497, VI:417, VI:504 See alsoAtomic models; Quantum mechanics
solar system, I:250–252 Atomic transmutation
solar wind, VII:469 Cockcroft/Walton research, VI:498, VI:502
stellar, III:339–342,III:362, III:366–367, Ramsay/Soddy research, V:486, VI:495
III:373 Rutherford/Soddy research, V:407, V:463,
text translations, II:256 VI:487, VI:493, VI:495
thermal ionization equation, VI:446 Atomic weight, V:464, VI:500
Tombaugh, VI:512 See alsoPeriodic table
trigonometry, impact on, III:267–269 Atomism, I:239, I:243, I:258, I:266, I:282
Uranus, discovery of, IV:282–285 Aristotelean theory v.,III:354–355
Van Allen belts, VII:43, VII:439, VII:469, Christianity, III:316–317
VII:472 Gassendi, Pierre, III:368–369
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