Science and Diplomacy: A New Dimension of International Relations

141 Pages·2017·1.37 MB·English

by  Pierre-Bruno Ruffini (auth.)

Science, Technology and Innovation Studies
Pierre-Bruno Ruffi ni
Science and
Diplomacy
A New Dimension
of International Relations
Science, Technology and Innovation
Studies
Serieseditors
LeonidGokhberg
Moscow,Russia
DirkMeissner
Moscow,Russia
Science, technology and innovation (STI) studies are interrelated, as are STI
policies and policy studies. This series of books aims to contribute to improved
understanding of these interrelations. Their importance has become more widely
recognized,astheroleofinnovationindrivingeconomicdevelopmentandfoster-
ingsocietal welfare has become almost conventional wisdom. Interdisciplinary in
coverage, the series focuses on the links between STI, business, and the broader
economy andsociety.Theseries includesconceptual and empirical contributions,
which aim to extend our theoretical grasp while offering practical relevance.
RelevanttopicsincludetheeconomicandsocialimpactsofSTI,STIpolicydesign
and implementation, technology and innovation management, entrepreneurship
(and related policies), foresight studies, and analysis of emerging technologies.
Theseriesisaddressedtoprofessionalsinresearchandteaching,consultanciesand
industry,governmentandinternationalorganizations.
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13398
Pierre-Bruno Ruffini
Science and Diplomacy
A New Dimension
of International Relations
Pierre-BrunoRuffini
FacultyofInternationalAffairs
UniversityofLeHavre
LeHavre,France
TranslationfromtheFrenchlanguageedition:Scienceetdiplomatie.Unenouvelledimen-
siondesrelationsinternationales,978-2-84924-391-6#EditionsduCygne,Paris,2015.All
RightsReserved.
Science,TechnologyandInnovationStudies
ISBN978-3-319-55103-6 ISBN978-3-319-55104-3 (eBook)
DOI10.1007/978-3-319-55104-3
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#SpringerInternationalPublishingAG2017
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Acknowledgement
The author thanks the science counselors and attache´s of diplomatic networks for
their assistance in collecting information and for shared reflections on science
diplomacy, especially Ve´ronique Briquet-Laugier (SST, French Embassy in
India), Kirill Bykov (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation),
Philippe Carlevan (SST, French Embassy in Canada), Alain Derevier (Permanent
RepresentationofFrancetotheFAO,Rome),Jean-MarieFreyssinet(SST,French
Embassy in Russia), Candy Green (Economic-Environment, Science, Technology
& Health Section, State Department, USA), Erik Hall (Economic-Environment,
Science, Technology & Health Section, State Department, USA), Matthew
Houlihan (SIN, UK), Se´bastien Hug (Federal Department of Economic Affairs,
EducationandResearch,Switzerland),IchiroIkeda(MinistryofForeignAffairsof
Japan),EmmanuelKamarianakis(CanadianTradeCommissionerService),Alison
Mac Ewen (SIN, UK), Philippe Martineau (SST, French Embassy in China),
Vladimir Majer (Section of the Deputy Prime Minister and Minister for Science,
Research and Innovation of the Czech Republic), Klaus Matthes (Ministry of
Foreign Affairs of Germany), Laura Nuccilli (SIN, UK), Oleg Ossipov (Ministry
of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation), Min-Ha` Pham (SST, French
Embassy in the USA), John Picard (Canadian Trade Commissioner Service),
SergePlattard(SST,FrenchEmbassyintheUK),PetrReimer(MinistryofForeign
AffairsoftheCzechRepublic),FlorenceRivie`re-Bourhis(SST,FrenchEmbassyin
Japan), Ste´phane Roy (SST, French Embassy in Germany), Kirsten Schultz
(Economic-Environment, Science, Technology & Health Section, State Depart-
ment, USA), Szilvia Sza´nto´ (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Hungary), Annick
Suzor-Weiner(SST,FrenchEmbassyintheUSA),NorimasaTakeda(Ministryof
ForeignAffairsofJapan),RuthTheusBaldassarre(FederalDepartmentofForeign
Affairs, Switzerland), Matthieu Weiss (SST, French Embassy in Germany) and
JunYin(MOST,China).
The author also thanks for their time and advice during the preparation of this
book: Stefano Ajola (Economic Service, German Embassy in Italy), Jean-Claude
Arditti (AVRIST), Stefano Baldi (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy), Nicolas
Be´riot(ONERC),CatherineBre´chignac(AcademyofSciences),RobertoCantone
(Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy), Lucien Chabason (IDDRI), Jean-Luc Cle´-
ment (MESR), Michel Colombier (IDDRI), Yves Fre´not (French Polar Institute),
v
vi Acknowledgement
Franc¸ois Gave (MAE), Mireille Guigaz (MAE), Jennifer Heurley (MAE), Didier
Hoffschir (MESR), Jean-Charles Hourcade (CIRED), Marcel Jouve (MAE), Jean
Jouzel (IPCC), Anne Larigauderie (National Museum of Natural History, Paris),
Herve´ Le Treut (IPSL), Philippe Martinet (MAE), David Musial (Ministry of
ForeignAffairsofGermany),E´dithRavaux(MAE),ScottStone(CabinetHunton&
Williams), Doug Trappett (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Australia) and Paul
Watkinson(MinistryofEcology,SustainableDevelopmentandEnergy).
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 WhatIsScienceDiplomacy?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1 TheEmergenceofScienceDiplomacyinContemporary
InternationalRelations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.1 InSearchofaDefinition. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.1.2 ScienceDiplomacyIsaFormofDiplomacyofInfluence. . . 13
2.2 AHistoricalPerspective. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.1 GreatVoyagesofExplorationandColonization. . .. . . . . . 17
2.2.2 TheWorldWarsoftheTwentiethCentury. . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2.3 TheColdWar:ScienceintheIdeologicalCompetition. . . 22
2.2.4 AftertheColdWar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3 ScienceDiplomacyasaNationalIssue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1 UniversalScienceandthePowerofNations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.1.1 TheScientistandtheDiplomat:ContoursofTwoTypes. . . 27
3.1.2 TheScientistandtheDiplomat:AProximityof
Convenience?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.2 TheChallengesofScienceDiplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.1 Attraction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.2 Cooperation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.2.3 Influence. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
4 ScienceinDiplomaticApparatus:TheDiversityofNational
Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1 ScientificandTechnologicalNetworks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1.1 ScienceCounselors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4.1.2 Networks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
vii
viii Contents
4.2 ScienceDiplomacyofMajorEuropeanCountries:France,
Germany,Italy,SwitzerlandandtheUK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.1 France. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
4.2.2 Germany. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4.2.3 Italy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
4.2.4 Switzerland. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
4.2.5 UnitedKingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.3 ScienceDiplomacyofDevelopedNon-EuropeanCountries. . . . . . 60
4.3.1 Canada. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3.2 Japan. . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . 61
4.3.3 UnitedStates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.4 ScienceDiplomacyofChina,IndiaandRussia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4.1 China. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.4.2 India. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
4.4.3 Russia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.5 TheDiversityofNationalModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.5.1 ScienceDiplomacyIsUnevenlyAssumed. . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
4.5.2 DiplomaticNetworksandTheirGeographicalCoverage. . . 73
4.5.3 SteeringandCoordination. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.5.4 HumanResourcesforScienceDiplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
4.5.5 CountryModels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5 ScienceintheVanguardofDiplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.1 TheFacilitatingRoleofScienceBetweenCountriesSharing
AwkwardPoliticalRelations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
5.1.1 OftheUsageofScienceinUSDiplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.1.2 QuestionsAboutScienceforDiplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
5.2 TheVanguardRoleofScienceintheComposition
ofRegionalSpaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.2.1 TheLargeInfrastructuresforResearchinFundamental
PhysicsandScientificDiplomacy:CERNandthe
SESAMEProject. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
5.2.2 ScienceandtheConstructionofEurope. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5.2.3 ScienceandDiplomacyinthePolarRegions. . . . . . . . . . . 98
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
6 MultilateralScienceDiplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1 MultilateralizationofInstitutions,GlobalizationofChallenges. . . 105
6.1.1 GlobalChallenges,GlobalPublicGoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.1.2 ScienceInternationals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.1.3 IntergovernmentalOrganizations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
6.1.4 Science-PolicyInterfaces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
Contents ix
6.2 ScienceinClimateDiplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.2.1 TheInstitutionalFramework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6.2.2 HybridizationofScienceandDiplomacy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Reference. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132