Science: A Visual Encyclopedia

306 Pages·2014·71.42 MB·English

by  Chris Woodford

Science
a visual encyclopedia

Science
a visual encyclopedia
Contents
LONDON, NEW YORK,
MELBOURNE, MUNICH, and DELHI
Authors Chris Woodford, Steve Parker
Senior Editor Daniel Mills
Senior Art Editor Vicky Short
US Senior Editor Shannon Beatty MATTER 6
US Editor John Searcy
Senior Art Editor Vicky Short Defining matter 8
Art Editor Mandy Earey
Atoms 10
Managing Editor Paula Regan
Molecules 12
Managing Art Editor Owen Peyton Jones
Preproduction Producer Nikoleta Parasaki Solids 14
Production Controller Mary Slater
Liquids 18
Jacket Designer Laura Brim
Gases galore 20
Jackets Editor Maud Whatley
Jacket Design Development Manager Sophia MTT Changing states 22
Publisher Sarah Larter
All the elements 24
Art Director Phil Ormerod
Mixtures 26
Associate Publishing Director Liz Wheeler
Publishing Director Jonathan Metcalf Solutions and solvents 28
DK India Acids and bases 30
Senior Editor Sreshtha Bhattacharya Incredible reactions 32
Senior Art Editors Anjana Nair, Chhaya Sajwan
Metals 36
Editor Suparna Sengupta
Art Editors Supriya Mahajan, Rakesh Khundongbam, Strange metals 38
Pallavi Narain Nonmetals 40
Assistant Art Editors Ankita Mukherjee,
Hydrogen 42
Namita, Shruti Singhal
Managing Editor Pakshalika Jayaprakash Oxygen 44
Managing Art Editor Arunesh Talapatra Water 46
Production Manager Pankaj Sharma
Nitrogen 50
Pre-production Manager Balwant Singh
DTP Designers Vishal Bhatia, Rajesh Singh Adhikari, Air 52
Nand Kishor Acharya, Syed Md Farhan Carbon 54
Picture Researcher Deepak Negi
Organic chemistry 56
Picture Research Manager Taiyaba Khatoon
First American edition, 2014
Published in the United States by
DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, MATERIALS 58
New York, New York, 10014
Copyright © 2014 Dorling Kindersley Limited Defining materials 60
All rights reserved Plastics 62
14 15 16 17 18 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Glass 64
001–192677–08/2014
Ceramics 66
Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this
publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any Synthetic fibers 68
form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
Composites 70
without the prior written permission of both the copyright owner and the above
publisher of this book. Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited. Earth’s resources 74
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. Industrial materials 76
ISBN: 978-1-4654-2046-6 Recycling 78
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for sales Future materials 80
promotions, premiums, fund-raising, or educational use. For details, contact:
DK Publishing Special Markets, 345 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014
or [email protected].
Printed and bound in China by South China Printing Co. FORCES AND MACHINES 84
Discover more at www.dk.com
What are forces? 86
Forces and movement 88
Turning forces 90
Friction 94
Gravity 96
THE SMITHSONIAN
Established in 1846, the Smithsonian—the world’s largest museum Bending and stretching 98
and research complex—includes 19 museums and galleries and the National
Zoological Park. The total number of artifacts, works of art, and specimens in Simple machines 100
the Smithsonian’s collection is estimated at 137 million. The Smithsonian is a Engines and vehicles 104
renowned research center, dedicated to public education, national service,
and scholarship in the arts, sciences, and history.
Flight 106
LIVING ORGANISMS 212
Planes and helicopters 108
Rockets and spaceflight 110 Life on Earth 214
Under pressure 112 Classifying life 216
Floating and sinking 116 DNA and genes 218
Boats and submarines 118 Evolution 222
Simple life forms 224
Fungi 228
ENERGY 120
Plants 230
What is energy? 122 Photosynthesis 232
Types of energy 124 Plant life cycles 234
Potential and kinetic energy 126 Invertebrates 236
Energy spectrum 128 Vertebrates 240
Heat 132 Energy from food 242
Heat transfer 134 Predators and prey 244
Radioactivity and nuclear power 136 Senses 248
Energy conversion 138 Communication 250
Waves 140 Living together 252
Sound 142 Migration and hibernation 254
Music 146 Habitats and ecosystems 256
Ecology and conservation 258
The human body 260
LIGHT 148
Body systems 262
Light and shadows 150
Color 152
GREAT DISCOVERIES 264
Lasers 156
Reflection and mirrors 158 Progress in science 266
Refraction and lenses 160 Ancient science 268
Telescopes and microscopes 162 Islamic science 270
Cameras 166 Planets and pendulums 272
Moving pictures 168 Gravity and rainbows 274
Communicating with light 170 Evolution and adaptation 276
Invisible rays 278
It’s all relative 280
ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 172
Inside the atom 282
Electricity 174 The secret of life 286
Circuits and current 176 Great inventions 288
Static electricity 178
Magnetism 182 Glossary 292
Electromagnetism 184 Index 296
Electric motors and generators 186 Acknowledgments 302
Using electricity 188
Electricity supply 190
Energy sources 192
Electronics 196
Radio and television 198
Computers 200
Cell phones 202
The Internet 204
Robots 206
Future technology 210
MATTER
R
E
T
T
A
M
PARTICLE TRACKS
All matter is made up of tiny particles
called atoms. Scientists have figured
out how to break atoms down into
even smaller parts, which create
beautiful curling patterns as they
move through a detector.
Matter is the stuff of the
physical universe. You are
made of matter. So is this M
A
book, the air around us, T
T
planet Earth, the sun, E
R
and distant stars.
Defining matter
Matter is the stuff of the universe—solids, liquids, and
gases. And matter is not just here on Earth. It makes
up all the stars, planets, moons, and the bits of
dust and wisps of gas drifting in space, as well as
STARDUST
the Earth and everything on it. The whole universe,
Stars are made of matter.
R as far as we know, is made up of matter and energy. Sometimes, at the end of their
E
T lives, they explode, leaving
T
behind clouds of dust called
A
M nebulae. Over billions of years,
these nebulae come together
STATES OF MATTER
and form new stars and planets.
All matter on Earth exists in one of three forms: solid,
In fact, our Earth, and everything
liquid, or gas. Some matter is solid—it is hard, tough,
on it, is made of stardust.
and keeps its shape. Some is liquid—it flows or runs, but
it cannot be squeezed smaller or stretched bigger. Some
is gas—it flows, and it can expand or be squeezed.
These three forms are known as the states of matter.
▲ GAS The particles of matter in a
gas, such as water vapor, are far
apart, move fast, and change their
distance from each other.
▲ SOLID In a solid, such as
ice, particles of matter are close
together and fixed in place.
▶ LIQUID In water and
other liquids, particles of
matter are very close
and can move around,
but cannot change
distance from each other.