Table Of ContentSCHOOLING IN THE NEW RUSSIA
STUDIES IN RUSSIA AND EAST EUROPE
This series includes books on general, political, historical, economic and
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Roger Bartlett and Karen Schonwalder (editors)
THE GERMAN LANDS AND EASTERN EUROPE
Essays on the History of their Social, Cultural and Political Relations
John Channon (editor)
POLITICS, SOCIETY AND STALINISM IN THE USSR
Geoffrey Hosking and Robert Service (editors)
RUSSIAN NATIONALISM, PAST AND PRESENT
Krystyna Iglicka and Keith Sword (editors)
THE CHALLENGE OF EAST-WEST MIGRATION FOR POLAND
Marja Nissinen
LATVIA'S TRANSITION TO A MARKET ECONOMY
Political Determinants of Economic Reform Policy
Jeremy Smith
THE BOLSHEVIKS AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION, 1917-23
Jeanne Sutherland
SCHOOLING IN THE NEW RUSSIA
Innovation and Change, 1984-95
Keith Sword
DEPORTATION AND EXILE
Poles in the Soviet Union, 1939-48
Studies in Russia and East Europe
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Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England
Schooling in the
New Russia
Innovation and Change, 1984-95
Jeanne Sutherland
former Chair
Study Group on Education in Russia,
the Independent States and Eastern Europe
in association with
SCHOOL OF SLAVONIC AND EAST EUROPEAN STUDIES
UNIVERSITY OF LONDON
m
First published in Great Britain 1999 by
MACMILLAN PRESS LTD
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and London
Companies and representatives throughout the world
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN O-333-73699-0
First published in the United States of America 1999 by
AS
ST. MARTIN'S PRESS, INC.,
Scholarly and Reference Division,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010
ISBN 0-312-21727-7
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Sutherland, Jeanne, 1927-
Schooling in the new Russia : innovation and change, 1984-95 /
Jeanne Sutherland,
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-312-21727-7 (cloth)
1. Education—Russia (Federation) 2. Education—Soviet Union.
3. Educational change—Russia (Federation). 4. Educational change-
-Soviet Union. I. Title.
LA839.2.S88 1998
370'.947—dc21 98-29181
CIP
© Jeanne Sutherland 1999
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made
without written permission.
No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with
written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and
Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by
the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE.
Any person who does any unauthorised act in relation to this publication may be liable to
criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages.
The author has asserted her right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance
with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and
sustained forest sources.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 21
08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 99
Printed and bound in Great Britain by
Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire
In memory of my late husband, Iain Sutherland,
with whom I shared most of the years spent in the
former Soviet Union
Contents
Map of the Commonwealth of Independent States ix
List of Plates x
Acknowledgements xi
List of Abbreviations xiii
Introduction xiv
Note on Transliteration xvi
Part I The Changes
1 From 1900 to the 1970s: Tsarist and Post-revolutionary
Education 3
2 The 1970s and the Early 1980s: Portrait of the Soviet
School before Perestroika - Some Personal Impressions
of the 1970s and Early 1980s 15
3 The 1984 School Reform and the Beginning of
Change 31
4 Reactions of the Establishment 46
5 Movements for Change 58
6 From Innovation to Independence 66
7 The Alternative School, Upbringing and Social
Services in a New Era 74
8 Russian Schools after Gorbachev, 1992-94:
Decentralization and Regionalization 86
Part II The Problems
9 Financing of Schools and Material Resources 115
10 Health and Social Problems 131
11 National Problems of Education 146
12 Epilogue 159
vii
viii Contents
Chronology 172
Appendixes 176
Notes 187
Bibliography 209
Index 213
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES
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Source: Russia and the Successor States Briefing Service, 1995, vol. 3, no. 1, p. 2.
The shaded area represents the Russian Federation and the non-shaded areas the other member-states g-
oftheFSU.
