Table Of ContentSCHAUM'S®
outlines
Thermodynamics for
Engineers
Fourth Edition
Merle C. Potter, PhD
Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering
Michigan State University
Craig W. Somerton, PhD
Associate Professor of Mechanical Engineering
Michigan State University
Schaum’s Outline Series
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MERLE C. POTTER has BS and MS degrees from Michigan Technological University and MS and PhD degrees from The Uni-
versity of Michigan. He has coauthored textbooks on Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics, Thermal Sciences, Differential Equa-
tions, Engineering Analysis, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, and Schaum’s Outlines on Fluid Mechanics, Thermodynamics,
Statics, and Dynamics in addition to numerous engineering exam review books. His research involved fluid flow stability and
energy-related topics. In addition to receiving several teaching awards, he is a member of Michigan Tech’s Mechanical Engi-
neering Academy and ASME awarded him the 2008 James Harry Potter Gold Medal. He is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical
Engineering at Michigan State University and continues to write and golf.
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Preface
This book is intended for the first course in thermodynamics required by most, if not all, engineering depart-
ments. It is designed to supplement the required text selected for the course; it provides a succinct presentation
of the material so that the student can more easily determine the major objective of each section of the textbook.
If expanded detail is not of importance in this first course, the present Schaum’s Outline could itself serve as
the required text.
The material presented in a first course in thermodynamics is more or less the same in most engineering
schools. Both the first and second laws are covered, with time left for some application areas, such as vapor and
gas cycles, nonreactive mixtures, or combustion. This book allows such flexibility. In fact, there is sufficient
material for a full year of study.
The IRC Fluid Property Calculator has been introduced in Chapter 2. It allows steam, air, and refrigerant
properties to be determined by inputting two properties, thereby avoiding the many interpolations that are often
very time-consuming.
As some U.S. industry continues to avoid the use of SI units, we have written about 20 percent of the exam-
ples, solved problems, and supplementary problems using English units. Tables are presented in both systems
of units.
The basic thermodynamic principles are liberally illustrated with numerous examples and solved problems
that demonstrate how the principles are applied to actual or simulated engineering situations. Supplementary
problems that provide students an opportunity to test their problem-solving skills are included at the end of all
chapters. Answers are provided for all these problems at the end of the chapters. We have also included FE-type
questions at the end of most chapters.
In addition, we have included a set of exams that are composed of multiple-choice questions, along with their
solutions. The majority of students who take thermodynamics will never see the material again, except when
they take a national exam (the professional engineers’ exams or the GRE/Engineering exam). International Sys-
tem of Units (SI units) are used in the exams following the lead of the national exams. The national exams are
multiple-choice exams with which engineering students are unfamiliar. Thermodynamics provides an excellent
opportunity to give engineering students an experience in taking multiple-choice exams, exams that are typically
long and difficult. Studies have shown that grades are independent of the type of exam given, so this may be the
course to introduce engineering students to the multiple-choice exams in both hour exams and the final exam.
You, both professors and students, are encouraged to email me at [email protected] if you have comments
corrections/questions or just want to opine.
Merle C. Potter
E. Lansing, Michigan
iii
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Contents
Chapter 1 Concepts, Definitions, and Basic Principles 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Thermodynamic Systems and Control Volumes 2
1.3 Macroscopic Description 3
1.4 Properties and State of a System 3
1.5 Thermodynamic Equilibrium and Processes 4
1.6 Units 6
1.7 Density, Specific Volume, and Specific Weight 7
1.8 Pressure 8
1.9 Temperature 10
1.10 Energy 11
Solved Problems 13
Supplementary Problems 17
Review Questions for the FE Examination 19
Answers to Supplementary Problems 21
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 22
Chapter 2 Properties of Pure Substances 23
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 The P-v-T Surface 23
2.3 The Liquid-Vapor Region 26
2.4 Property Calculations 26
2.5 The Ideal-Gas Equation of State 29
2.6 Equations of State for a Nonideal Gas 31
Solved Problems 32
Supplementary Problems 36
Review Questions for the FE Examination 37
Answers to Supplementary Problems 40
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 41
Chapter 3 Work and Heat 43
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Definition of Work 44
3.3 Quasi-Equilibrium Work due to a Moving Boundary 45
3.4 Nonequilibrium Work 48
3.5 Other Work Modes 49
3.6 Heat 51
Solved Problems 53
Supplementary Problems 57
Review Questions for the FE Examination 60
Answers to Supplementary Problems 62
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 63
v
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vi Contents
Chapter 4 The First Law of Thermodynamics 65
4.1 Introduction 65
4.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics Applied to a Cycle 66
4.3 The First Law Applied to a Process 67
4.4 Enthalpy 69
4.5 Latent Heat 70
4.6 Specific Heats 71
4.7 The First Law Applied to Various Processes 75
4.8 General Formulation for Control Volumes 79
4.9 Applications of the Energy Equation to Control Volumes 83
4.10 Transient Flow 91
Solved Problems 93
Supplementary Problems 104
Review Questions for the FE Examination 115
Answers to Supplementary Problems 121
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 124
Chapter 5 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 125
5.1 Introduction 125
5.2 Heat Engines, Heat Pumps, and Refrigerators 126
5.3 Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics 127
5.4 Reversibility 128
5.5 The Carnot Engine 129
5.6 Carnot Efficiency 131
Solved Problems 134
Supplementary Problems 137
Review Questions for the FE Examination 139
Answers to Supplementary Problems 140
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 141
Chapter 6 Entropy 143
6.1 Introduction 143
6.2 Definition 143
6.3 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Constant Specific Heats 145
6.4 Entropy for an Ideal Gas with Variable Specific Heats 146
6.5 Entropy for Substances such as Steam, Solids, and Liquids 148
6.6 The Inequality of Clausius 150
6.7 Entropy Change for an Irreversible Process 151
6.8 The Second Law Applied to a Control Volume 153
Solved Problems 156
Supplementary Problems 162
Review Questions for the FE Examination 167
Answers to Supplementary Problems 169
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 171
Chapter 7 Reversible Work, Irreversibility, and Availability 173
7.1 Basic Concepts 173
7.2 Reversible Work and Irreversibility 174
7.3 Availability and Exergy 176
7.4 Second-Law Analysis of a Cycle 178
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Contents vii
Solved Problems 180
Supplementary Problems 184
Answers to Supplementary Problems 185
Chapter 8 Gas Power Cycles 187
8.1 Introduction 187
8.2 Gas Compressors 188
8.3 The Air-Standard Cycle 193
8.4 The Carnot Cycle 195
8.5 The Otto Cycle 195
8.6 The Diesel Cycle 197
8.7 The Dual Cycle 199
8.8 The Stirling and Ericsson Cycles 200
8.9 The Brayton Cycle 202
8.10 The Regenerative Brayton Cycle 204
8.11 The Intercooling, Reheating, Regenerative Brayton Cycle 206
8.12 The Turbojet Engine 207
Solved Problems 208
Supplementary Problems 217
Review Questions for the FE Examination 222
Answers to Supplementary Problems 224
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 226
Chapter 9 Vapor Power Cycles 227
9.1 Introduction 227
9.2 The Rankine Cycle 227
9.3 Rankine Cycle Efficiency 230
9.4 The Reheat Cycle 232
9.5 The Regenerative Cycle 233
9.6 The Supercritical Rankine Cycle 237
9.7 Effect of Losses on Power Cycle Efficiency 239
9.8 The Combined Brayton-Rankine Cycle 241
Solved Problems 242
Supplementary Problems 249
Review Questions for the FE Examination 253
Answers to Supplementary Problems 255
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 256
Chapter 10 Refrigeration Cycles 257
10.1 Introduction 257
10.2 The Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 257
10.3 The Multistage Vapor Refrigeration Cycle 261
10.4 The Heat Pump 263
10.5 The Absorption Refrigeration Cycle 264
10.6 The Gas Refrigeration Cycle 266
Solved Problems 268
Supplementary Problems 271
Review Questions for the FE Examination 274
Answers to Supplementary Problems 275
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 276
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viii Contents
Chapter 11 Thermodynamic Relations 277
11.1 Three Differential Relations 277
11.2 The Maxwell Relations 279
11.3 The Clapeyron Equation 280
11.4 Further Consequences of the Maxwell Relations 282
11.5 Relationships Involving Specific Heats 284
11.6 The Joule-Thomson Coefficient 286
11.7 Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Entropy Changes of Real Gases 286
Solved Problems 289
Supplementary Problems 294
Answers to Supplementary Problems 296
Chapter 12 Mixtures and Psychrometrics 299
12.1 Basic Definitions 299
12.2 Ideal-Gas Law for Mixtures 300
12.3 A Mixture of Ideal Gases 301
12.4 Air-Vapor Mixtures: Psychrometry 303
12.5 Adiabatic Saturation and Wet-Bulb Temperatures 305
12.6 The Psychrometric Chart 307
12.7 Air-Conditioning Processes 308
Solved Problems 311
Supplementary Problems 316
Review Questions for the FE Examination 320
Answers to Supplementary Problems 322
Answers to Review Questions for the FE Examination 324
Chapter 13 Combustion 325
13.1 Combustion Equations 325
13.2 Enthalpy of Formation, Enthalpy of Combustion,
and the First Law 328
13.3 Adiabatic Flame Temperature 331
Solved Problems 333
Supplementary Problems 338
Answers to Supplementary Problems 340
Sample Exams for a Semester Course for
Engineering Students 343
Exam No. 1 344
Exam No. 2 348
Exam No. 3 352
Final Exam 356
Appendix A Conversions of Units 365
Appendix B Material Properties 366
Appendix C Properties of Water (Steam Tables) 372
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Contents ix
Appendix D Properties of R134a 387
Appendix E Ideal-Gas Tables 397
Appendix F Psychrometric Charts 409
Appendix G Compressibility Chart 411
Appendix H Enthalpy Departure Charts 413
Appendix I Entropy Departure Charts 415
Index 417
*The laptop icon next to an exercise indicates that the exercise is also available as a video with step-by-step
instructions. These videos are available on the Schaums.com website by following the instructions on the inside
front cover.
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