Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramolecular and Nonequilibrium Systems

908 Pages·1981·23.927 MB·English

by  Sow-Hsin Chen (auth.), Sow-Hsin Chen, Benjamin Chu, Ralph Nossal (eds.)

Scattering Techniques
Applied to Supramolecular
and Nonequilibrium Systems
NATO ADVANCED STUDY INSTITUTES SERIES
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Volume 73 - Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramolecular and
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edited by Sow-Hsin Chen, Benjamin Chu, and Ralph Nossal
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Scattering Techniques
Applied to Supramolecular
and Nonequilibrium Systems
Edited by
Sow-Hsin Chen
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Benjamin Chu
State University of New York
Stony Brook, New York
and
Ralph Nossal
Na'tionallnstitutes of Health
Bethesda, Mary/and
PLENUM PRESS. NEW YORK AND LONDON
Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scattering Techniques Applied to Supramole
cular and Nonequilibrium Systems (1980: Wellesley College)
Scattering techniques applied to supramolecular and nonequilibrium systems.
(NATO advanced study institutes series. Series B, Physics; v. 73)
Proceedings of the institute held Aug. 3-12, 1980, at Wellesley College, Wellesley,
Mass.
"Published in cooperation with NATO Scientific Affairs Division."
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Scattering (Physics) - Congresses. 2. Biophysics - Technique - Congresses. I.
Chen, Sow-Hsin, 1935- . II. Chu, Benjamin. III. Nossal, Ralph. IV. North
Atlantic Treaty Organization. Division of Scientific Affairs. V. Title. VI. Series.
QH505.N34 1980 574.19'285 81-13767
AACR2
ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4063-8 e-ISBN-13: 978-1-4684-4061-4
001: 10.1 007/978-1-4684-4061-4
Proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute on Scattering Techniques
Applied to Supramolecular and Nonequilibrium Systems, held August 3-12,
1980, at WeIlesley College, Wellesley, Massachusets
©1981 Plenum Press, New York
A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation
233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
AIl rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system,
or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,
photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission
from the publisher
PREFACE
This Advanced Study Institute was held at \-lellesley College,
Wellesley, MA., from 3 to 12 August 1980. It followed by four
years the second "Capri ~,chool on Photon Correlation Spectroscopy".
During the intervening period there had been many new applications
of dynamic light scattering techniques to the study of systems
whose properties depend either on collective molecular interactions
or on the formation or activity of supramo1ecu1ar structures. Con
sequently, emphasis at this conference was on light scattering
studies of subjects such as dynamical correlations in dense polymer
solutions, phase transitions in gels, spinodal decomposition of
binary fluids, Benard instabilities in nonequilibrium fluids, the
formation of micelles and phospholipid vesicles, and movements of
the molecular assemblies of muscle tissue. The instructional pro
gramme also included tutorial lectures on two complementary spec
troscopic techniques which have benefited from dramatic advances
in instrumentation, these being small angle X-ray (SAXS) and small
angle neutron (SANS) scattering. Strong cold neutron and synchro
tron X-ray sources have become available, and data now can be
acquired rapidly with newly developed position-sensitive detectors.
Several reviews of recent applications of SAXS and SANS were also
provided.
The organizers of the ASI hoped to provide a forum for
theoreticians and experimentalists to assess advances in fields
which, although related, were sufficiently different that a great
deal of unfamiliar information could be communicated. The order
ing of the papers in this volume closely approximates that of the
talks presented at the Advanced Study Institute. The reader will
discover that diverse phenomena of physical, chemical and biologi
cal interest were discussed.
Part I of this book contains reviews of the basic physical
principles underlying X-ray, neutron, and dynamic light scattering.
Also included are discussions of facilities and instrumentation
v
PREFACE
currently available for performing SANS and SAXS experiments, and
'summaries of procedures for analyzing quasielastic light scattering
data. Part II pertains to polymer and colloidal systems, contain
ing papers on polymer solutions, gels, micelles, and phospholipid
vesicles. Part III concerns non-equilibrium systems and includes
papers on critical behavior, nucleation and spinodal decomposition.
and convective hydrodynamic instabilities. In addition, reviews
of some highly complex mathematical modelling of non-equilibrium
stochastic behavior are presented. Part IV contains papers de
scribing several SANS and dynamic light scattering studies' of the
structure and motions of biological systems, among which are in
vestigations of membrane and virus structure, mobility of micro
organisms, and structure and dynamics of muscle cells. Finally,
Part V contains short presentations of twenty-seven contributed
posters on such topics as new experimental techniques, hydrogen
bonded liquids, polymer solutions, colloidal suspensions, micelles
and microemulsions, biomolecules and biological organelles and
cells.
We are particularly fortunate to have had a group of expert
lecturers who not only delivered excellent talks in the classroom
but also gave generously of their time in the after-hour discus
sions. They are warmly thanked for their hard work in providing
such interesting and stimulating lecture notes.
The United States Organizing Committee consisted of: S.H. Chen,
MIT, Cambridge, ~~ (Director); B. Chu, SUNY, Stony Brook, L.I.,
N.Y.; and R. Nossal, NIH, Bethesda, ~ID. The European Advisory
Committee was: J.P. Boon, Universite Libre, Bruxelles, Belgium;
and P. Berge, CENS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. Principal support for
the Institute was provided by the NATO Scientific Affairs Division.
The numerous warm and stimulating conversations between partici
pants who oftentimes had to invent special variations of estab
lished languages in order to communicate attested to the wisdom
of expending funds in this manner. A supplemental combined grant
was received from the Division of Computer Research and Technology;
the Division of Research Services, the National Institute of Dental
Research, and the Fogarty International Center at the National
Institutes of Health. These funds furnished support for partici
pants from non-NATO countries. Generous contributions also were
obtained from the following instrument manufacturers: Langley-Ford
Instruments; Malvern Scientific Corporation; Nicomp Instruments;
Science Research Systems of Troy; and Technology for Energy Corpor
ation. The latter funds were used to provide a concert and other
amenities which enabled the participants to live and work harmon
iously for almost two weeks.
PREFACE vii
Located near Boston on a beautiful 500 acre site, Wellesley
College afforded the academic and recreational attributes necessary
for an intense, extended, working relationship between the parti
cipants. We thank the College administration for their many efforts
to make our visit fruitful and enjoyable. In addition to lecture
halls and conference rooms, facilities were provided for an instru
ment show and an ongoing display of posters relating to contributed
papers. Also, after attending formal evening lectures, we were
able to retire to the "Great Hall" of our dormitory where discus
sions oftentimes continued into the early hours of the morning.
Special mention must be made of the assistance given by Paul
Wang and Brigitte Herpigny, who performed many of the numerous daily
tasks relating to the organization and smooth operation of the
conference. Their patience was severely tested, but they nonethe
less performed with admirable good humor. Lastly, we acknowledge
the cheerful assistance of Anne and Cathy Chen, who typed this book
and whose help made possible its timely completion.
Hay 1981 S.H. Chen
B. Chu
Cambridge, Massachusetts R. Nossal
Stony Brook, New York
Bethesda, Maryland
CONTENTS
PART I - ADVANCES IN INSTRilliENTATION AND TECHNIQUES
Interaction of Thermal Neutrons and Photons
with Matter • • • • •. •..• 3
S.H. Chen
Neutron Small Angle Scattering, Instruments and
Applications. • • • • • • . • • • • 35
J. Schelten
Quasielastic Neutron Spin-Echo Spectroscopy • • • . • • •• 49
J.B. Hayter
The National Center for Small-Angle Scattering Research 75
W.C. Koehler, R.W. Hendricks, H.R. Child, S.P. King,
J.S. Lin, and G.D. Wignall
Recent Developments in Photon Correlation and Spectrum
Analysis Techniques: I. Instrumentation for
Photodetection Spectroscopy • . • • • . • • • • 87
C.J. Oliver
Recent Developments in Photon Correlation and
Spectrum Analysis Techniques: II. Information
From Photodetection Spectroscopy ••••••• 121
Oliver
C~J.
Polarized Dynamic Light Scattering as a Probe of
Macromolecular Intramolecular Motions 161
R. Pecora
Dynamic Depolarized Light Scattering from
Macromolecular Systems •••••• 173
R. Pecora
The Analysis of Polydisperse Scattering Data. • • • • • •• 179
E.R. Pike
ix
x CONTENTS
A Review of Techniques for Time-Resolved X-Ray
Studies on Huscle . . . . . . . . . • . 201
A.R. Faruqi and H.E. Huxley
PART II - POLYHER AND COLLOIDAL SYSTEHS
Static and Dynamic Properties of Polymer Solutions. . 231
B. Chu
Small Angle Neutron Scattering by Polymer Solutions . . .. 265
B. Farnoux and G. Jannink
Quasielastic Light Scattering from Polymer Gels . . . . .. 301
R. Nossal
Phase Transition in Gels. . . . . . . 321
T. Tanaka, S.T. Sun, and I. Nishio
Light Scattering Study of Ganglioside Hicelles and
Hixed Hicelles with a Nonionic Amphiphile • 337
H. Corti and V. Degiorgio
Kinetics of Growth of Phospholipid Vesicles • • . . • . .. 351
D. Sornette and N. Ostrowsky
Hicellar Size as a Function of Pressure, Temperature,
and Salt Concentration for a Series of Cationic
Surf ac tan ts . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • 363
D.F. Nicoli, R. Ciccolello, J. Briggs, D.R. Dawson,
H.W. Offen, L. Romsted, and C.A. Bunton
PART III - NONEQUILIBRIUH SYSTEHS
The Dynamics of Phase Separatio~ Near the Critical
Point: Spinodal Decomposition and Nucleation. 383
W. I. Goldburg
New Critical Behavior Induced by Shear Flow in
Binary Fluids . . . . . . • • • . . 411
D. Beysens
Fluctuations in Nonequilibrium Critical Phenomena . . • .. 455
K. Kawasaki and A. Onuki
Hydrodynamic Instability: Structure and Chaos . . • . • .. 467
J-P. Boon
CONTENTS xi
Study of Rayleigh-Benard Convection Properties Through
Optical Measurements. . ..•••••.. 493
P. Berg~ and M. Dubois
Convective Instabilities in a Horizontal Binary
Liquid Layer. • ., .•.....•. 519
M. Giglio and V. Degiorgio
Low Angle Brillouin Scattering in Systems Under
Temperature Gradient.. . • • . . . 537
D. Beysens
Fluctuations in Steady State Systems 551
I. Oppenheim and J. Machta .•..
Models of Stochastic Behavior in Non-Equilibrium
Steady States • . . • • • • . . . . . • • 559
R. Graham
PART IV - BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Applications of Small Angle Neutron Scattering to
Biological Systems. • . . . . • • • • • • . • . .. 615
G. Zaccai
Light Scattering from Cells . . • . . . . • . . • . • . •• 639
S.H. Chen
Motility Studies of Large Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . .• 657
F.R. Hallett
Dynamic Laser Scattering Study of Sperm Migration
Through Cervical Mucus- . . . . . • • . . . • . .. 671
W. I. Lee
Laser Doppler Continuous Real-Time Monitor of
Pulsatile and Hean Blood Flow in Tissue
Microcirculation. • . . 685
R.F. Bonner, T.R. Clem, P.D. Bowen and
R.L. Bowman
Phase Separation of Cytop1asma in the Lens· • . • . • . •. 703
T. Tanaka, I. Nishio, S.T. Sun
Structures and Dynamics of Hus:c1e Cells and Muscle
Proteins Studied by Intensity Fluctuation
Spectroscopy of Laser Light . . . . . . . • . . .. 725
S. Fujime, T. Maeda, and Y. Umazume