Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy

238 Pages·2022·9.458 MB·English

by  Tilman E. Schäffer

3
Bioanalytical Reviews
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Tilman E. Schäffer
Editor
Scanning Ion Conductance
Microscopy
With contributions by
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
L. A. Baker A. Bhargava M.-H. Choi I. D. Dietzel
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
A. Gesper J. Gorelik A. Haak P. Happel F. Iwata
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
Y. Korchev C. W. Leasor M. V. Makarova Y. Mizutani
(cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1)
M. Nakajima P. Novak T. E. Schäffer A. Shevchuk
(cid:1) (cid:1)
Y. Takahashi T. Ushiki H. von Eysmondt
Editor
TilmanE.Schäffer
InstituteofAppliedPhysics
UniversityofTübingen
Tübingen,Germany
ISSN1867-2086 ISSN1867-2094 (electronic)
BioanalyticalReviews
ISBN978-3-031-14442-4 ISBN978-3-031-14443-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-14443-1
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Foreword
TilmanE.SchäfferisadistinguishedleaderinthefieldofScanningIonConductance
Microscopy[1].Hewasthefirst,asfarasIknow,tousetheSICMtoanswerareal
scientificquestion:howabalonenacreforms.Hefounditwasnotbyheteroepitaxial
nucleation, as was commonly believed, but instead by growth through mineral
bridges that formed in the pores he imaged with the SICM [2]. Together with his
coworkers, he also developed an elegant, non-contact method for measuring the
stiffness of cells [3] and high-speed SICM with imaging speeds faster than one
secondperimage[4].Itisespeciallyimportanttonotethathisworkhasbeenreally
focused not just on technique development, but on answering important scientific
questions.Forexample,oneofhisrecentpapersrevealsdifferentialstrategiesofhow
twohuman-pathogenicviruses manipulateinfectedcells[5]. Oneofhisownchap-
tersinthisbook,withvonEysmondt,givesnotonlyacomprehensiveoverview,but
arealisticassessmentofboththestrengthsandthelimitationsofthetechnique.
Tilmanhasalsodoneanexcellentjobofgettingsomeofthebestandbrightestin
the field to contribute chapters to this book. I was particularly interested in poten-
tiometric scanning ion conductance microscopy (P-SICM) in the chapter by Choi,
Leasor,andBakerandininvestigatingcardiacfunctionwithSICMincombination
with other techniques in the chapter by Bhargava and Gorelik. Combining SICM
withothertechniques,pioneeredbyTilmanhimself[2]hasbeenparticularlyfruitful
–especiallythecombinationwithsuper-resolvedopticalmicroscopyasdiscussedin
the chapter by Happel, Gesper, and Haak. A recent, spectacular example in their
chapterisfromGeorgFantner’slab(includingoneoftheinventorsofSICM,Barney
Drake):a2021NatureCommunicationsarticlewithamazingcorrelative3Dimages
of single cells using super-resolution optical fluctuation imaging (SOFI) and scan-
ningion-conductancemicroscopy[6].ThechapterbyUshiki,Iwata,Nakajima,and
Mizutani describes another fruitful combination: SICM with scanning electron
microscopy.
Oneoftherealhighlightsofthebookisthechapterbythedistinguishedpioneers
Novak, Shevchuk, and Korchev. They do a wonderful job of summarizing their
seminal contributions that helped transform SICM into a practical instrument for
widespreadapplications.
v
vi Foreword
The chapter by Dietzel, Happel, and Schäffer gives a thorough overview of the
intellectualcontextinwhichtheSICMexists.ThoughIwas,ofcourse,wellawareof
the scanning probe microscopy component of that intellectual context, I must
confessthatIwasunawareofalmostalltherestatthetimeIinventedtheSICM.
The path to the invention of the Scanning Ion Conductance Microscope started
with a sabbatical I spent studying the vacuum/solid interface with the wonderful
surface scientist Gabor Somorjai. Near the end, I asked him if he thought I should
continueinthattypeofsurface science.Hesaidno!Hesaidthatthereweremany,
many tools for studying the vacuum/solid interface, but very few for studying the
much more important liquid/solid interface. He thought that I seemed like an
inventive person and that I should use my skills to develop tools for studying the
liquid/solidinterface.ProbablythebestcareeradviceIeverreceived!
Afternumerousmarginallysuccessfulattemptstodothis,mygroupwasableto
design a custom scanning tunneling microscope that got the first atomic resolution
image in water [7]. One of the problems with this microscope was noise from ion
currentsthatinterferedwithmeasuringthetunnelingcurrent.
There is an old saying among physicists that one person’s noise is another
person’s signal. I started wondering if it would be possible to build a microscope
based on ion currents instead of electron currents. With the long-term goal of
imagingapolymerlikeDNAonaninsulatingsurface,IsketchedthisideaonFeb.
18,1986:gluinga¼”Teflonrodtoaplateonthebottomofaglassbeakerandthen
scanning a sharpened, insulated stainless steel rod vertically and laterally with a
micropositioner.
The idea was to lower the rod until the ion current dropped a little, record the
micropositionerposition,thenlifttherodandtranslateitlaterallyandloweritagain,
recordthemicropositionerpositionagain,andrepeattogetalinescan.Aftertrying
insulated sharpened rods, flat rods and rounded rods with some, but very limited
success, I tried recessing the rod into the insulation. This worked better, but there
was too much drift [8] from electrical changes due to electrochemical reactions on
Foreword vii
the small area of the electrode. Next, I tried a large area electrode inside an
eyedropper.Thisworkedmuchbetter.
We then went from eyedroppers to micropipettes and from mechanical
micropositioners to the scanners we were using for Atomic Force Microscopy. It
was slow going at first, especially because the Atomic Force Microscope was
occupying most of our attention, but by Feb. 3, 1989, we had our first publication
[1]withimagesofgratings,apolymer,andioncurrentsthroughpores.Thedrawing
oftheSICMinthatpublicationremindsmeoftheoneabove.
TheuseofScanningIonConductanceMicroscopy increased dramatically afterthe
wonderfuladvancesdescribedinthechapterbyNovak,Shevchuk,andKorchevand
thechapterbyvonEysmondtandSchäffer.Now,over30yearslater,itisinaperiod
of rapid growth. A quick search of Google Scholar with only the search term
“SICM”revealedover500publicationsonScanningIonConductanceMicroscopy
inthelast4years[9].
Giventhisrapidgrowth,itseemslikeanidealtimeforthisbooktointroducenew
researchers to the field and to help existing researchers see the breadth of applica-
tions.IamgratefultoTilman,whoIamproudtosaywasmygraduatestudent,and
thechapterauthorsforthiswonderfulbook.
I believe that the future is bright for Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy
becauseofthededicatedworkofthescientists,physicians,andengineerswhohave
advancedthetechnologyanditsapplications.
DepartmentofPhysics PaulHansma
UniversityofCaliforniaatSantaBarbara
USA
viii Foreword
References
1.HansmaPK,DrakeB,MartiO,GouldSAC,PraterCB(1989)Thescanningion-
conductancemicroscope.Science243(4891):641–643
2. Schäffer TE, Ionescu-Zanetti C, Proksch R, Fritz M, Walters DA, Almqvist N,
Zaremba CM, Belcher AM, Smith BL, Stucky GD, Morse DE (1997) Does
abalone nacre form by heteroepitaxial nucleation or by growth through mineral
bridges?ChemMater9(8):1731–1740
3.RheinlaenderJ,SchäfferTE(2013)Mappingthemechanicalstiffnessoflivecells
withthescanningionconductancemicroscope.SoftMatter9(12):3230–3236
4. Simeonov S, Schäffer TE (2019) High-speed scanning ion conductance micros-
copy for sub-second topography imaging of live cells. Nanoscale 11(17):8579–
8587
5.BusingerR,KivimäkiS,SimeonovS,VavourasSyrigosG,PohlmannJ,BolzM,
Müller P, Codrea MC, Templin C, Messerle M, Hamprecht K, Schäffer TE,
NahnsenS,SchindlerM(2021)Comprehensiveanalysisofhumancytomegalo-
virus-andHIV-mediatedplasmamembraneremodelinginmacrophages.Mbio12
(4):e01770–21
6. Navikas V, Leitao SM, Grussmayer KS, Descloux A, Drake B, Yserentant K,
WertherP,HertenDP,WombacherR,RadenovicA,FantnerGE(2021)Correl-
ative 3D microscopy of single cells using super-resolution and scanning ion-
conductancemicroscopy.NatCommun12(1):1–9
7. Sonnenfeld R, Hansma PK (1986) Atomic-resolution microscopy in water.
Science232(4747):211–213
8.Perhapsironically,this“drift”becamethesignalfortheScanningElectrochemical
Microscope,whichiswelldescribedinthechapterinthisbookbyMakarovaand
Takahashi
9. As well as about 100 using the acronym for other thing such as Safety Index
Computing Module, Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy, Simplified Interface to
ComplexMemoryandsupervisedintelligencecommitteemachine
Preface
Scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) has undergone a remarkable devel-
opment since its invention in 1989. Originally devised as a technique for spatially
resolvingthetopographyandionpermeabilityofasamplesurface,SICMcannow
measure many other sample properties such as surface charge, electrochemical
activity, or modulus of elasticity. SICM has thereby evolved into a multisensory,
versatile measurement platform with a wide range of applications in physics,
biology,chemistry,medicine,andmaterialsscience.
This book, Scanning Ion Conductance Microscopy in Springer’s book series
BioanalyticalReviews,providesanintroductionandoverviewofSICMtechnology
and applications. It is written by pioneers in the field and is intended for both
beginnersandexperts.
Thefirstchapter,writtenbyProf.Dietzel,Dr.Happel(Ruhr-UniversityBochum,
Germany),andProf.Schäffer(UniversityofTübingen,Germany),givesahistorical
overview of techniques that paved the way for the development of SICM, starting
fromthediscoveryofbioelectricitytwocenturiesago.
Inthesecondchapter,vonEysmondtandProf.Schäffer(UniversityofTübingen,
Germany)offeradetailedintroductiontothetechnologyofSICManditsstrengths
andlimitationsforbiologicalapplicationsincomparisonwithatomicforcemicros-
copy(AFM).
Thenextchapter,byDr.Choi,Leasor,andProf.LaneBaker(IndianaUniversity,
Bloomington,USA),providesacomprehensiveoverviewofelectrochemicalimag-
ingbasedonthemeasurementofionsandelectronswithSICM.
In the fourth chapter, Dr. Novak, Dr. Shevchuk, and Prof. Korchev (Imperial
College London, UK) portray the smart patch-clamp technique, which combines
single-channel recordingwith selective probe positioningonacellmembrane with
nanoscaleresolution.
Prof. Bhargava (Indian Institute of Technology, Hyderabad, India) and Prof.
Gorelik (Imperial College London, UK) illuminate in the following chapter how
SICM can be used to associate cell signalling pathways with cellular surface
structuresincardiacresearch.
ix