Scandinavia in the Revolutionary Era, 1760-1815

465 Pages·1986·30.659 MB·English

by  Hildor Arnold Barton

THE NORDIC SERIES
Volume 12
Volume 1 British Diplomacy and Swedish Politics, 1758-1773
by Michael Roberts
Volume 2 Henrik Ibsen, Peer Gynt, translated by Rolf Fjelde.
A thoroughly revised version of Fjelde's translation, with new
appendixes.
Volume 3 The Finnish Revolution, 1917-1918
by Anthony F. Upton
Volume 4 To the Third Empire: Ibsen's Early Drama
by Brian Johnston
Volume 5 A History of Scandinavian Literature
by Sven H. Rossel
Volume 6 Viking Art
by David M. Wilson and Ole Klindt-Jensen
Volume 7 Finland and Europe: The Period of Autonomy
and the International Crises, 1808-1914
by Juhani Paasivirta
Volume 8 Socialism and Abundance: Radical Socialism
in the Danish Welfare State
by John Logue
Volume 9 Scandinavia during the Second World War
edited by Henrik S. Nissen
Volume 10 Scandinavian Language Structures:
A Comparative Historical Survey
by Einar Haugen
Volume 11 The Welfare State and Beyond: Success and Problems in Scandinavia
by Gunnar Heckscher
ADVISORY BOARD
Ole Berg Robert Kvavik
University of Oslo University of Minnesota
Thomas Bredsdorff Stewart Oakley
University of Copenhagen University of East Anglia
Sten Carlsson Juha Yrjänä Pentikäinen
University of Uppsala University of Helsinki
Rolf Fjelde George Schoolfield
Pratt Institute and Juilliard School Yale University
M. Donald Hancock Birgitta Steene
Vanderbilt University University of Washington
Nils Hasselmo Richard R. Tommason
University of Arizona University of New Mexico
Steven Koblik
Pomona College
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Scandinavia in the
Revolutionary Era,
1760-1815
H. Arnold Barton
University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis
The University of Minnesota Press gratefully
acknowledges publication assistance from the Swedish
Council for Research in the Humanities and Social
Sciences, Stockholm, and the National Endowment for
the Humanities, a federal agency which supports study
in such fields as history, philosophy, literature, and
languages.
Copyright © 1986 by the University of Minnesota
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or
by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or
otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
Published by the University of Minnesota Press
2037 University Avenue Southeast, Minneapolis MN 55414
Published simultaneously in Canada
by Fitzhenry & Whiteside Limited, Markham.
Printed in the United States of America.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Barton, H. Arnold (Hildor Arnold), 1929-
Scandinavia in the Revolutionary era, 1760-1815.
(The Nordic series; v. 12)
Bibliography: p.
Includes index.
1. Scandinavia - History –18th century. 2. Scandinavia
–History-19th century. I. Title. II. Series.
DL78.B37 1986 948'.05 84-26972
ISBN 0-8166-1392-3
ISBN 0-8166-1393-1 (pbk.)
The University of Minnesota
is an equal opportunity
educator and employer.
To the memory of my parents,
Sven Hildor Barton
Marguerite Arnhold Barton
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Contents
Preface ix
1. The Setting: Scandinavia around 1760 3
2. The Winds of Change, 1760-70 47
3. The First Assault on Privilege, 1770-72 67
4. The Rallying of the Old Order, 1772-76 87
5. The Clash of Arms and Ideas, 1776-83 107
6. Changing Bearings, 1783-86 126
7. Enlightened Despotism and Revolt, 1786-89 142
8. A New Dawn for Humanity, 1789-92 775
9. Reform and Radicalism, 1792-97 200
10. Commerce and Counterrevolution, 1797-1802 231
11. At the Crossroads, 1802-7 255
12. Into the Maelstrom, 1807-10 275
13. The Resolution, 1810-15 311
14. Conclusions: Scandinavia by 1815 359
Notes 387
Selected Bibliography 427
Index 431