Scallops Biology, Ecology, Aquaculture, and Fisheries

1195 Pages·2016·136.96 MB·English

by  Sandra E. Shumway and G. Jay Parsons (Eds.)

Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science - 40
SCALLOPS: BIOLOGY, ECOLOGY,
AQUACULTURE, AND FISHERIES
THIRD EDITION
DEVELOPMENTS IN AQUACULTURE AND FISHERIES SCIENCE
The following volumes are still available:
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Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science - 40
SCALLOPS
Biology, Ecology, Aquaculture,
and Fisheries
THIRD EDITION
Edited by
S E. S
ANDRA HUMWAY
DepartmentofMarineSciences,UniversityofConnecticut,
Groton,Connecticut,USA
G. J P
AY ARSONS
FisheriesandOceansCanada,Aquaculture,Biotechnology
andAquaticAnimalHealthScienceBranch,Ottawa,Ontario,Canada
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For Andy Brand and NeilBourne, scallop afficionados, mentors,and friends.
Contents
List of Contributors xi ReproductiveSystem 123
Preface xiii NervousandSensorySystems 135
Preface from Second Edition xv Foot(cid:1)ByssalComplex 147
Acknowledgements 150
Prface from First Edition xvii
References 150
1. Reconciling Morphological and Molecular 4. Scallop Adductor Muscles: Structure and Function
Approaches in Developing a Phylogeny for the
PETERD.CHANTLER
Pectinidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Introduction 161
JEANNEM.SERB
StructureoftheStriatedAdductorMuscle 162
Introduction 1 StructureoftheSmoothAdductorMuscle 171
WhatIsaScallop? 2 Myosin 177
ShellMorphologyandItsApplicationinTaxonomic FunctionoftheStriatedAdductor 187
ClassificationSystems 5 FunctionoftheSmoothAdductor 200
TheInfluenceofMolecularPhylogeneticsonSystematics 10 AchievementsandCoda 206
WhereDoWeGoFromHere? 19 Acknowledgements 207
Summary 24 References 207
Acknowledgements 25
Glossary 25 5. Neurobiology and Behaviour of the Scallop
References 25
DANIELI.SPEISERANDLONA.WILKENS
2. Biology and Ecology of Scallop Larvae Introduction 219
TheMantleEyesofScallops 219
SIMONM.CRAGG
VisuallyInfluencedBehavioursinScallops 231
Introduction 31 TheLocomotorySystem 238
EarlyLifeHistoryCharacteristicsofScallops 31 Acknowledgements 248
LarvalDevelopment 40 References 248
ComparativeAnatomy 57
FunctionalMorphology 58 6. Reproductive Physiology
PhysiologyandEffectsofEnvironmentalVariables 60
BRUCEJ.BARBERANDNORMANJ.BLAKE
BehaviourandLarvalDistribution 62
RearingMethods 70 Introduction 253
FutureDirections 72 GametogenicCycles 254
Acknowledgements 73 RegulationofGametogenicCycles 268
References 73 EnergyMetabolism 279
ApplicationstoAquaculture 287
3. Scallop Structure and Function Summary 290
PETERG.BENINGERANDMARCELLEPENNEC Acknowledgements 292
References 292
Introduction 85
AnOverviewoftheScallopBody 85
7. Physiology: Energy Acquisition and Utilisation
TheMantleandItsDerivatives 87
BRUCEA.MACDONALD,V.MONICABRICELJ,AND
PallialOrgansandParticleProcessing 91
SANDRAE.SHUMWAY
DigestiveSystemandDigestion 104
Cardio-vascularSystem 111 Introduction 301
ExcretorySystem 119 EnergyAcquisition 301
vii
viii
CONTENTS
EnergyUtilisation:MetabolicExpenditure 327 FurtherStudy 512
EnergyUtilisation 337 Acknowledgements 513
References 342 References 513
FurtherReading 352
12. Swimming in Scallops
8. Nutrition in Pectinids
HELGAE.GUDERLEYANDISABELLETREMBLAY
SIMONESU¨HNELANDFRANCISCOJ.LAGREZE-SQUELLA
Introduction 535
Introduction 355 ShellCharacteristicsandTheirInfluenceUpon
NutrientsandDietImprovementandSupplementation 355 SwimmingCapacities 536
Summary 366 BiomechanicsofSwimminginScallops 538
References 366 LigamentProperties 539
EvaluationofScallopSwimmingPerformance
9. Scallop Genetics and Genomics inNature 540
LaboratoryTestsofEscapeResponsePerformance 541
MAUREENK.KRAUSEANDELISABETHVONBRAND
VisualAssessmentofEscapeResponsePerformance
Introduction 371 intheLaboratory 542
Cytogenetics 371 InterspecificDifferencesinLaboratoryEscape
PloidyManipulation 373 ResponsePerformance 545
MolecularMarkersofGeneticVariation 376 PhysiologyofScallopSwimming 546
Applications 380 BioticandAbioticInfluencesonMuscleUse
PopulationGenetics 387 DuringEscapeResponses 549
ScallopGenomics 397 InterspecificDifferencesinPatternsofMuscleUse 550
AdditionalAreasofGeneticResearch 405 MetabolicSupportofSwimming 552
FutureDirectionsandConclusions 412 DoChangesinMuscleMetabolicCapacitieswith
References 412 ReproductiveInvestmentExplainShiftsinEscape
ResponseBehaviour? 556
InterspecificDifferencesinMuscleMetabolic
10. Diseases and Parasites of Scallops
Capacities 557
RODMANG.GETCHELL,ROXANNAM.SMOLOWITZ, DeterminantsofInterspecificDifferencesin
SHARONE.MCGLADDERY,ANDSUSANM.BOWER
EscapeResponseStrategies:AnIndepthStudy
ofFiveScallopSpecies 557
Introduction 425
References 562
MicrobialDiseases 425
Mycota 439
Protista 441 13. Scallops and Marine Contaminants
Platyhelminthes 448
ISLAYD.MARSDENANDPETERJ.CRANFORD
Polychaetes 452
Crustacea 454 Introduction 567
Gastropods 456 TraceMetals 568
Algae 457 TraceOrganics 571
Foraminiferans 458 NutrientLevels 573
Porifera 458 OffshoreOilandGasOperations 574
Cnidaria 459 HealthRisks 576
Non-InfectiousDiseases 459 ScallopsasSentinelOrganisms 577
Summary 460 UseofBiomarkers 578
Acknowledgements 460 FutureDirectionsandConclusions 580
References 460 References 580
11. Scallop Ecology: Distributions and Behaviour 14. Quantifying and Managing the Ecosystem
Effects of Scallop Dredge Fisheries
ANDREWR.BRAND
BRYCED.STEWARTANDLEIGHM.HOWARTH
Introduction 469
GeographicalDistribution 470 Introduction 585
LocalDistribution 482 TypesofScallopDredgeFishery 586
ScallopBehaviour(cid:1)AspectsAffectingDistribution 496 EffectsonScallopPopulations 586
ix
CONTENTS
EffectsonMarineEcosystems 589 BayScallop(Argopectenirradians) 758
EffectsonDifferentSeabedTypes 594 CalicoScallop,Argopectengibbus 761
Management 599 AquacultureandEnhancement 765
Conclusion 603 Future 767
Acknowledgements 604 Acknowledgements 767
References 604 References 767
15. Dynamics, Assessment, and Management 19. The European Scallop Fisheries for Pecten
of Exploited Natural Scallop Populations maximus, Aequipecten opercularis, Chlamys islandica,
and Mimachlamys varia
J.M.(LOBO)ORENSANZ,ANAM.PARMA,ANDSTEPHENJ.SMITH
PETERF.DUNCAN,ANDREWR.BRAND,ØIVINDSTRAND,AND
Introduction 611
ERICFOUCHER
PopulationStructureandDynamics 613
AssessmentofAbundanceandItsSpatialDistribution 632 Introduction 781
TheFishingandDepletionProcesses 640 BiologyandEcology 782
OverfishingandEcologicalEffectsofFishing 654 Fisheries 801
Management 661 TheFuture 838
Acknowledgements 676 Acknowledgements 841
Acronymsusedinthetext 676 References 841
References 677
20. European Aquaculture
16. Scallops of the West Coast of North America ØIVINDSTRAND,ANGELESLOURO,ANDPETERF.DUNCAN
G.JAYPARSONS,RAYMONDB.LAUZIER,ANDNEILF.BOURNE
Introduction 859
Foreword 697 HistoricalOverviewofEuropeanScallopAquaculture 859
Introduction 697 SpatProduction 862
Fisheries 698 Grow-OutCulture 867
Aquaculture 709 SeabedRanchingandStockEnhancement 875
Future 713 BiologicalConstraintstoScallopCulture 879
Acknowledgements 714 MarketandEconomics 881
References 714 StockProtectionSecurityandLegalIssues 882
FutureProspects 883
Acknowledgements 884
17. Fisheries Sea Scallop, Placopecten magellanicus
References 884
KEVIND.E.STOKESBURY,CATHERINEE.O’KEEFE,AND
BRADLEYP.HARRIS
21. Scallop Fisheries and Aquaculture
Foreword 719
in Japan
Introduction 719
LifeHistory 721 YOSHINOBUKOSAKA
Ecosystem 723
Introduction 891
TheFishingFleetsofCanadaandtheUnitedStates 724
Patinopecten(Mizuhopecten)yessoensis 891
StockAssessments 726
Future 926
FisheriesManagement 729
Pectenalbicans 931
Summary 731
Chlamys(Mimachlamys)nobilis 932
Acknowledgements 732
Acknowledgements 932
References 732
References 933
18. Scallop Aquaculture and Fisheries in Eastern
22. Scallops and Scallop Aquaculture in China
North America
XIMINGGUOANDYOUSHENGLUO
SHAWNM.C.ROBINSON,G.JAYPARSONS,LESLIE-ANNEDAVIDSON,
SANDRAE.SHUMWAY,ANDNORMANJ.BLAKE
Introduction 937
Introduction 737 TheChineseScallop 938
SeaScallop(Placopectenmagellanicus) 737 OtherScallopSpecies 943
x
CONTENTS
27. Scallop Aquaculture and Fisheries in Venezuela
Fishery 945
Aquaculture 945 CE´SARJ.LODEIROS,LUISFREITES,JOSE´J.ALIO´,MAXIMIANONU´N˜EZ,
Harvest,Processing,andMarketing 951 ANDJOHNH.HIMMELMAN
Acknowledgements 951
Introduction 1073
References 951
Distribution,Habitat,andReproduction 1073
Fisheries 1077
23. Scallops of Northwestern Pacific Russian Aquaculture 1078
Federation PerspectivesforCulture 1084
VICTORV.IVIN,OLGAG.SHEVCHENKO,AND Acknowledgements 1085
TATIANAYU.ORLOVA References 1085
Introduction 953
28. Scallop Fishery and Culture in Peru
BiologyandEcology 953
FishingandAquaculture 975 JAIMEMENDO,MATTHIASWOLFF,TANIAMENDO,ANDLUISYSLA
Acknowledgements 991
Introduction 1089
References 991
SpeciesDescription 1089
ProductionChainandMarketing 1094
24. Aquaculture of the Scallop
FisheriesandAquacultureProduction 1095
Nodipecten nodosus in Brazil
ChallengesandProjectionsofPeruvianScallopProduction 1104
GUILHERMES.RUPPANDG.JAYPARSONS Acknowledgements 1105
References 1105
Introduction 999
AquacultureofNodipectennodosusinBrazil 1001
29. Scallop Fisheries and Aquaculture in Mexico
Acknowledgements 1015
References 1015 CE´SARA.RUIZ-VERDUGO,VOLKERKOCH,ESTEBANFE´LIX-PICO,
ANAISABELBELTRAN-LUGO,CARLOSCA´CERES-MARTI´NEZ,
JOSE´MANUELMAZON-SUASTEGUI,MIGUELROBLES-MUNGARAY,
25. Scallops Biology, Fisheries, and Management ANDJORGECACERES-MARTI´NEZ
in Argentina
Introduction 1111
GASPARSORIA,J.M.(LOBO)ORENSANZ,ENRIQUEM.MORSA´N, DescriptionofMexicanScallops 1112
ANAM.PARMA,ANDRICARDOO.AMOROSO
Fisheries 1114
Introduction 1019 Aquaculture 1119
TheTehuelcheScallop,Aequipectentehuelchus 1019 References 1123
ThePatagonianScallop,Zygochlamyspatagonica 1032
Acknowledgements 1041 30. Scallop Fisheries, Mariculture, and Enhancement
References 1041 in Australasia
MICHAELC.L.DREDGE,ISLAYD.MARSDEN,ANDJAMESR.WILLIAMS
26. Scallop Fishery and Aquaculture in Chile:
Introduction 1127
A History of Developments and Declines
Biology 1129
ELISABETHVONBRAND,ALEJANDROABARCA,
GERMA´NE.MERINO,ANDWOLFGANGSTOTZ FisheriesandFisheryManagement 1140
Culture 1161
Introduction 1047 FutureDirectionsandConclusions 1164
SpeciesDescription 1047 Acknowledgements 1166
Fisheries 1050 References 1166
HowScallopAquacultureStartedinChile 1053
AquacultureProduction 1055
General Index 1171
Acknowledgements 1068
Species Index 1189
References 1068
List of Contributors
Alejandro Abarca Departamento de Acuicultura, Leslie-Anne Davidson Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
UniversidadCato´licadelNorte,Coquimbo,Chile Moncton,NewBrunswick,Canada
Jose´ J.Alio´ InstitutoNacionaldeInvestigacionesAgr´ıcolas, MichaelC.L.Dredge Tasmania,Australia
Cumana´,EstadoSucre,Venezuela Peter F. Duncan Faculty of Science, Health, Education and
Ricardo O. Amoroso School of Aquatic and Fishery Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast,
Sciences,UniversityofWashington,Seattle,WA,USA Queensland,Australia
Bruce J. Barber Eckerd College, St. Petersburg, Florida, Esteban Fe´lix-Pico Centro Interdisciplinario de Ciencias
USA Marinas,LaPaz,BajaCaliforniaSur,Me´xico
Ana Isabel Beltran-Lugo Departamento de Ingenier´ıa en Eric Foucher IFREMER (cid:1) Laboratoire Halieutique de Port
Pesquer´ıas,Universidad Auto´noma de BajaCalifornia Sur enBessin,PortenBessin,France
Ap.,LaPaz,BajaCaliforniaSur,Me´xico Luis Freites Instituto Oceanogra´fico de Venezuela,
Peter G. Beninger Laboratoire de Biologie Marine, Faculte´ Universidad de Oriente, Cumana´, Estado Sucre,
desSciences,Universite´ deNantes,Nantes,France Venezuela
Norman J. Blake College of Marine Science, University of Rodman G. Getchell Department of Microbiology and
SouthFlorida,St.Petersburg,Florida,USA Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell
University,Ithaca,NY,USA
Neil F. Bourne Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific
BiologicalStation,Nanaimo,BritishColumbia,Canada Helga E. Guderley De´partement de Biologie, Universite´
Laval,Que´becCity,Que´bec,Canada
Susan M. Bower Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific
Ximing Guo Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory,
Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia,
Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers
Canada
University,PortNorris,NJ,USA
AndrewR.Brand UniversityofLiverpool,PortErin,Isleof
Bradley P. Harris Fisheries, Aquatic Science and
Man,UnitedKingdom
Technology Laboratory, Alaska Pacific University,
V. Monica Bricelj Department of Marine and Coastal
Anchorage,AK,USA
Sciences and Haskin Shellfish Research Laboratory, School
John H. Himmelman De´partement de Biologie, Universite´
of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers
Laval,Que´becCity,Que´bec,Canada
University,PortNorris,NJ,USA
Leigh M. Howarth School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor
JorgeCaceres-Martı´nez CentrodeInvestigacio´nCient´ıficay
University,MenaiBridge,Anglesey,UnitedKingdom
Educacio´n Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada,
Baja California, Me´xico; Instituto de Sanidad Acu´ıcola, Victor V. Ivin Institute of Marine Biology, Far Eastern
Ensenada, Baja California, Me´xico Instituto de Sanidad Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok,
Acu´ıcola,Ensenada,BajaCalifornia,Me´xico Russia
Carlos Ca´ceres-Martı´nez Departamento de Ingenier´ıa en Volker Koch Deutsche Gesellschaft fu¨r Internationale
Pesquer´ıas,Universidad Auto´noma de BajaCalifornia Sur Zusammenarbeit(GIZ),LaPaz,BajaCaliforniaSur,Me´xico
Ap.,LaPaz,BajaCaliforniaSur,Me´xico Yoshinobu Kosaka Aomori Prefectural Industrial
Peter D. Chantler UnitofVeterinaryMolecularandCellular Technology Research Center, Food Research Institute,
Aomori,Japan
Biology,ComparativeBiomedicalSciences,RoyalVeterinary
College,UniversityofLondon,London,UnitedKingdom Maureen K. Krause Department of Biology, Hofstra
University,Hempstead,NY,USA
Simon M. Cragg Institute of Marine Sciences, University of
Portsmouth,Portsmouth,UnitedKingdom Francisco J. Lagreze-Squella Federal University of Parana´,
PontaldoParana´,Parana´,Brasil
Peter J. Cranford Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Coastal
Ecosystem Sciences Division, Bedford Institute of Raymond B. Lauzier Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific
Oceanography,Dartmouth,NovaScotia,Canada BiologicalStation,Nanaimo,BritishColumbia,Canada
xi