Scaling Biodiversity

498 Pages·2007·11.149 MB·English

by  David Storch, Pablo Marquet, James Brown

ScalingBiodiversity
Weknowthattherearemillionstotensofmillionsofplantandanimalspecies,but
wedonotknowenoughtobeabletodescribethepatternsandprocessesthat
characterizethedistributionofspeciesinspace,time,andtaxonomicgroups.Given
thatinpracticaltermsitisimpossibletounderstandtheintricaciesoftherelation-
shipsbetweenalltheorganismsandthedynamicsofpopulationsandcommunities
inallspatialandtemporalscales,otherapproachesmustbeused.Scalingrulesoffer
onepossibleframework,andthisbookoffersasynthesisofthewaysinwhich
scalingtheorycanbeappliedtotheanalysisofbiodiversity.ScalingBiodiversity
presentsnewviewsonquantitativepatternsofthebiologicaldiversityonEarthand
theprocessesresponsibleforthem.Writtenbyateamofleadingexpertsinecology
whopresenttheirmostrecentandinnovativeviews,thisbookwillprovidereaders
withthestateoftheartincurrentecologyandbiodiversityscience.
DAVID STORCH isaresearcheranduniversityteacheratCharlesUniversity
inPragueandformerinternationalFellowoftheSantaFeInstitute.Heteaches
coursesonanimalecology,macroecologyandcommunityecology.
PABLO A. MARQUET isaProfessoratthePontificiaUniversidadCato´licadeChile,
andaresearcherattheCenterforAdvancedStudiesinEcologyandBiodiversityand
InstitutodeEcologı´ayBiodiversidad,andformerinternationalFellowoftheSantaFe
Institute.
JAMES H. BROWN isaDistinguishedProfessorintheDepartmentofBiologyat
theUniversityofNewMexico.
EcologicalReviews
SERIES EDITOR NigelWebbNERCCentreforEcology&Hydrology,Dorset,UK
SERIES EDITORIAL BOARD
HefinJonesCardiffUniversity,UK
JamesH.BrownUniversityofNewMexico,USA
RichardHobbsMurdochUniversity,Australia
LouiseVetTheNetherlandsInstituteofEcology
EcologicalReviewswillpublishbooksatthecuttingedgeofmodernecology,
providingaforumforvolumesthatdiscusstopicsthatarefocalpointsof
currentactivityandlikelylong-termimportancetotheprogressofthe
field.Theserieswillbeaninvaluablesourceofideasandinspirationfor
ecologistsatalllevelsfromgraduatestudentstomore-established
researchersandprofessionals.Theserieswillbedevelopedjointlybythe
BritishEcologicalSocietyandCambridgeUniversityPressandwill
encompasstheSociety’sSymposiaasappropriate.
BioticInteractionsintheTropics:TheirRoleintheMaintenanceofSpeciesDiversity
EditedbyDavidF.R.P.Burslem,MichelleA.PinardandSueE.Hartley
BiologicalDiversityandFunctioninSoils
EditedbyRichardBardgett,MichaelUsherandDavidHopkins
IslandColonizationbyIanThornton
EditedbyTimNew
Scaling Biodiversity
Edited by
DAVID STORCH
CharlesUniversity,Prague,andtheSantaFeInstitute
PABLO A. MARQUET
PontificiaUniversidadCato´licadeChile,Santiago,andCenterforAdvanced
StudiesinEcologyandBiodiversityandInstitutodeEcolog´ıayBiodiversidad,
theSantaFeInstitute
JAMES H. BROWN
UniversityofNewMexico,Albuquerque,andtheSantaFeInstitute
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo
CambridgeUniversityPress
TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK
PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork
www.cambridge.org
Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521876025
#CambridgeUniversityPress2007
Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception
andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements,
noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout
thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress.
Firstpublished2007
PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge
AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-521-87602-5hardback
ISBN978-0-521-69937-2paperback
CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor
accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto
inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch
websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate.
Contents
Listofcontributors pagevii
ForewordbyRobertM.May(LordMayofOxford) xi
Preface xv
1 Introduction:scalingbiodiversity–whatistheproblem?
DavidStorch,PabloA.MarquetandJamesH.Brown 1
PART I Spatialscalingofspeciesrichnessanddistribution 13
2 Species–areacurvesandthegeometryofnature
MichaelW.Palmer 15
3 Thedistributionofspecies:occupancy,scale,andrarity
FangliangHeandRickCondit 32
4 Speciesdistributionpatterns,diversityscalingandtestingfor
fractalsinsouthernAfricanbirds
JackJ.Lennon,WilliamE.Kunin,StephenHartley
andKevinJ.Gaston 51
5 Geometryofspeciesdistributions:randomclusteringandscale
invariance
ArnosˇtL.SˇizlingandDavidStorch 77
6 Towardamechanisticbasisforaunifiedtheoryofspatial
structureinecologicalcommunitiesatmultiplespatialscales
JohnHarte 101
PART II Alternativemeasuresofbiodiversity:taxonomy,
phylogeny,andturnover 127
7 Biodiversityscalingrelationships:aremicroorganisms
fundamentallydifferent?
JessicaGreenandBrendanJ.M.Bohannan 129
8 Theimportanceofphylogeneticstructureinbiodiversity
studies
Je´roˆmeChave,GuillemChustandChristopheThe´baud 150
vi CONTENTS
9 Onthequantificationoflocalvariationinbiodiversityscaling
usingwavelets
TimothyH.Keitt 168
10 Thescalingofspatialturnover:pruningthethicket
KevinJ.Gaston,KarlL.EvansandJackJ.Lennon 181
PART III Scalingofbiologicaldiversitywithenergyand
thelatitudinalbiodiversitygradient 223
11 Climateanddiversity:theroleofhistory
AndrewClarke 225
12 Inverselatitudinalgradientsinspeciesdiversity
PavelKindlmann,IvaScho¨delbauerova´ andAnthonyF.G.Dixon 246
13 Regional-to-globalpatternsofbiodiversity,andwhattheyhave
tosayaboutmechanisms
DavidJ.Currie 258
14 Recastingthespecies–energyhypothesis:thedifferentroles
ofkineticandpotentialenergyinregulatingbiodiversity
AndrewP.Allen,JamesF.GilloolyandJamesH.Brown 283
15 Scalingspeciesrichnessanddistribution:unitingthe
species–areaandspecies–energyrelationships
DavidStorch,ArnosˇtL.SˇizlingandKevinJ.Gaston 300
PART IV Processes,perspectives,andsyntheses 323
16 Spatiotemporalscalingofspeciesrichness:patterns,
processes,andimplications
EthanP.White 325
17 Scalingbiodiversityunderneutrality
Luı´sBorda-de-A´gua,StephenP.HubbellandFangliangHe 347
18 Generalpatternsinplantinvasions:afamilyofquasi-neutral
models
Toma´sˇHerben 376
19 Extinctionandpopulationscaling
WilliamE.Kunin 396
20 Survivalofspeciesinpatchylandscapes:percolation
inspaceandtime
Bea´taOborny,Gyo¨rgySzabo´ andGe´zaMesze´na 409
21 Biodiversitypowerlaws
PabloA.Marquet,SebastianR.AbadesandFabioA.Labra 441
Index 462
Thecolorplatesaresituatedbetweenpp.366and367
Contributors
SEBASTIAN R. ABADES PaulSabatier,118routedeNarbonne,
CenterforAdvancedStudiesinEcology 31062Toulouse,France
andBiodiversity(CASEB)and
DepartamentodeEcologı´a,Pontificia GUILLEM CHUST
UniversidadCato´licadeChile,Casilla LaboratoireEvolutionetDiversite´
114-D,Santiago,Chile Biologique,UMR5174CNRS–Universite´
PaulSabatier,118routedeNarbonne,
ANDREW P. ALLEN 31062Toulouse,France
NationalCenterforEcologicalAnalysis
andSynthesis,735StateSt.,Suite300, ANDREW CLARKE
SantaBarbara,CA93101,USA BiologicalSciences,BritishAntarctic
Survey,NERC,HighCross,MadingleyRoad,
BRENDAN J.M. BOHANNAN CambridgeCB30ET,UK
CenterforEcologyandEvolutionary
Biology,UniversityofOregon,Eugene, RICK CONDIT
Oregon,OR97403–5289,USA CenterforTropicalForestScience,
SmithsonianTropicalResearchInstitute,
LUI´S BORDA-DE-A´GUA Unit0948,APOAA,34002–0948,USA
DepartmentofPlantBiology,University
ofGeorgia,Athens,GA30602,USA DAVID J. CURRIE
Ottawa-CarletonInstituteforBiology,
JAMES H. BROWN UniversityofOttawa,Box450,StationA,
DepartmentofBiology,Universityof Ottawa,Ontario,CanadaK1N6N5
NewMexico,Albuquerque,NM87131,
USA,andTheSantaFeInstitute, ANTHONY F.G. DIXON
1399HydeParkRoad,SantaFe, SchoolofBiologicalSciences,University
NM87501,USA ofEastAnglia,NorwichNR47TJ,UK
JE´ROˆ ME CHAVE KARL L. EVANS
LaboratoireEvolutionetDiversite´ BiodiversityandMacroecologyGroup,
Biologique,UMR5174CNRS–Universite´ DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences,
viii CONTRIBUTORS
UniversityofSheffield,SheffieldS10 Praha2,CzechRepublic,andInstituteof
2TN,UK Botany,AcademyofSciencesoftheCzech
Republic,CZ-25243Pru˚honice,Czech
KEVIN J. GASTON Republic
BiodiversityandMacroecologyGroup,
DepartmentofAnimalandPlantSciences, STEPHEN P. HUBBELL
UniversityofSheffield,SheffieldS10 DepartmentofPlantBiology,Universityof
2TN,UK Georgia,Athens,GA30602,USA,and
SmithsonianTropicalResearchInstitute,
MURRAY GELL-MANN Unit0948,APOAA34002–0948,USA
TheSantaFeInstitute,1399HydePark
Road,SantaFe,NM87501,USA TIMOTHY H. KEITT
SectionofIntegrativeBiology,Universityof
JAMIE F. GILLOOLY TexasatAustin,Austin,TX78712,USA
DepartmentofZoology,Universityof
Florida,Gainesville,FL32611,USA PAVEL KINDLMANN
InstituteofSystemsBiologyandEcology,
JESSICA GREEN AcademyofSciencesoftheCzechRepublic,
SchoolofNaturalSciences,Universityof andFacultyofBiologicalSciences,
California,P.O.Box2039,Merced,CA UniversityofSouthBohemia,Branigovska
95344,USA 31,37005,CzechRepublic,andAgrocampus
Rennes,UMRINRA/ENSA-RBi03P,65rue
JOHN HARTE deSaint-Brieuc,35042RennesCedex,
EnergyandResourcesGroupand France
EcosystemSciencesDivision,Collegeof
NaturalResources,UniversityofCalifornia, WILLIAM E. KUNIN
Berkeley,CA94720,USA EarthandBiosphereInstitute,Schoolof
Biology,UniversityofLeeds,
STEPHEN HARTLEY LeedsLS29JT,UK
SchoolofBiologicalSciences,Victoria
UniversityofWellington,P.O.B.600, FABIO A. LABRA
Wellington,NewZealand CenterforAdvancedStudiesinEcologyand
Biodiversity(CASEB)andInstitutode
FANGLIANG HE Ecologı´ayBiodiversidad(IEB)andDeparta-
DepartmentofRenewableResources, mentodeEcologı´a,PontificiaUniversidad
UniversityofAlberta,Edmonton,Alberta, Cato´licadeChile,Casilla114-D,
CanadaT6G2E1 Santiago,Chile
TOMA´Sˇ HERBEN JACK J. LENNON
DepartmentofBotany,FacultyofScience, TheMacaulayInstitute,Craigiebuckler,
CharlesUniversity,Bena´tska´ 2,CZ-12801 AberdeeenAB158QH,UK