Table Of Content2 Hel I 10 Ne 18( Ar 36, Kr 541 Xe 86( Rn H~31
;
I
~2 95 F 176 CI 357 Br 538 I 85 8a At
83 0 ~6 9 3410 Se 52" Te 8412 Po 71 Lu 10371 Lr --~-
4 16 17 18 19 71 --
~ ~5 33As 51Sb :~ 70 Yb 102No --
I ~ 14 ~t15 3245 Ge 5d46 Sn 8247 Pb 69 Tm 10171 Md ----
Gmelin System Numbers I I I I I I I I : 13 1~35 28 29303160 32 36 57 NiCu Zn Ga 46 4961 37 47 ~:33 Pd 65 Ag In 7879808168 62 34 38 Pt Hg Au TI 65 68 66 67 Oy Tb Ho EI' 97989910071 71 71 71 Bk Cf Es Fm
e
with th 27 58 Co ~~64 7767 Ir 64 Gd 9671 Cm
ments 26 Fe 59 4463 Ru 7666 Os 63 Eu 9571 Am
of the Ele : I II I I, I ! : ! 25 56 Mn 4369 Tc 7570 Re 62 Sm 9471 Pu
eriodic Table I ! I I I , I : ~ I ! i 23 24 V 48 Cr 52 41 42 M53 49 oNb 73 74 54 50 WTa 10571 60 61 Nd Pm 929355 71 Np U
P
22 41 Ti 4042 Zr 72 43 Hf 104 71 59 Pr 91 51 Pa
21 Sc 39 ~39 57** La 39 89*** 40 Ac 58 Ce 9044 Th
4 26 Be 12 M27 g 20 28 Ca 38 Sr 29 5630 Ba 8831 Ra n ides 39 des
I H2 3 Li 20 1121 Na ~22 3724 Rb 5525 Cs 87 25a Fr I**Lanlha 1*** Aclini
J-E -" ~ c;) I. ,;" i 3 ;;;' <CI ~' g ~ i i .. CI! ~ n ~ !lI
Gmelin Handbook 01 Inorganic Chemislry
8th Edition
Grnelin Handbook
of Inorganic Chemistry
8th Edition
Gmelin Handbuch der Anorganischen Chemie
Achte, vöLlig neu bearbeitete Auflage
Prepared GmeLin-lnstitut für Anorganische Chemie
and issued by der Max-PLanck-GeseLLschaft
zur Förderung der Wissenschaften
Director: Ekkehard FLuck
Founded by LeopoLd GmeLin
8th Edition 8th Edition begun under the auspices 01 the
Deutsche Chemische GeseLLschaft by R. J. Meyer
Continued by E.H.E. Pietsch and A. Kotowski, and by
Margot Becke-Goehring
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1988
Gmelin-Institut für Anorganische Chemie
der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften
ADVISORY BOARD
Dr. G. Breit, Chairman (Ruhrchemie AG, Oberhausen-Holten), Prof. Dr. K. Dehnicke (Philipps
Universität, Marburg), Prof. Dr. N. N. Greenwood (University of Leeds), Prof. Dr. H. Grünewald
(Bayer AG, Leverkusen), Prof. Dr. H. Harnisch (Hoechst AG, FrankfurtlMain-Höchst), Prof. Dr.
H. Nöth (Universität München), Prof. Dr. H. Offermanns (Degussa AG, Frankfurt/Main), Prof.
Dr. G. zu Putlitz (Universität Heidelberg), Prof. Dr. A. Rabenau (Max-Planck-Institut für Festkör
perforschung, Stuttgart), Prof. Dr. A. Simon (Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung,
Stuttgart), Prof. Dr. Dr. A. H. Staab (Präsident der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, München), Prof.
Dr. Dr. h.c. mult. G. Wilke (Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Mülheim/Ruhr)
DIRECTOR DEPUTY DIRECTOR
Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Ekkehard FLuck Dr. W. Lippert
CHIEF EDITORS
Dr. K.-C. Buschbeck - Dr. H. Bergmann, J. FüsseL, H. Hartwig, Dr. H. Katscher, Dr. R.
Keim, Dr. E. Koch, DipL.-Phys. D. Koschel, Dr. U. Krüerke, Dr. H. K. Kugler, Dr. P. Merlet,
Dr. E. Schleitzer-Rust, Dr. F. Schröder, Dr. A. Slawisch, Dr. W. Töpper
CORRESPONDENT MEMBERS OF THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF Dr. H. C. Andersen, Dr. W. F. McNamara,
Dr. V. Haase, DipL.-lng. G. Kirschstein,
Dr. K. Rumpf, Dr. U. Trobisch,
Dr. B. Vance
EMERITUS MEMBER OF THE INSTITUTE Prof. Dr. Dr. E.h. Margot Becke
CORRESPONDENT MEMBERS OF THE INSTITUTE Prof. Dr. Hans Bock
Prof. Dr. Dr. Alois Haas, Sc. D. (Cantab.)
STAFF GMELIN HANDBOOK
Dr. G. Bär, D. Barthel, Dr. N. Baumann, Dr. W. Behrendt, D. Benzaiol, Dr. L. Berg, Dipl.-Chem.
E. Best, K. D. Bonn, P. Born-Heck, Dipl.-Ing. V. A. Chavizon, E. Cloos, Dipl.-Phys. G. Czack,
I. Deim, Dipl.-Chem. H. Demmer, Dipl.-Geol. R. Ditz, R. Dowideit, Dipl.-Chem. M. Drößmar,
Dr. D. Düster, U. Duggen, Dr. P. Eigen, M. Engels, Dr. H.-J. Fachmann, Dr. J. Faust, V.
Frick, G. Funk, Dipl.-Ing. N. Gagel, Dr. U. W. Gerwarth, Dipl.-Phys. D. Gras, Dipl.-Bibl.
W. Grieser, Dr. I. Haas, Dr. R. Haubold, B. Heibel, Dipl.-Min. H. Hein, G. Heinrich-Sterzel,
A. Heise-Schuster, H.-P. Hente, H. W. Herold, U. Hettwer, Dr. G. Hönes, Dr. W. Hoffmann,
Dr. W. Huisl, R. Jonuschat, Dr. R. Jotter, Dr. J. von Jouanne, Dr. B. Kalbskopf, Dipl.-Chem.
W. Karl, H.-G. Karrenberg, Dipl.-Phys. H. Keller-Rudek, B. Kirchner, A. Klusch, C. Koeppel,
Dipl.-Chem. H. Köttelwesch, R. Kolb, E. Kranz, Dipl.-Chem. I. Kreuzbichler, Dr. A. Kubny,
Dr. M. Kunz, Dr. W. Kurtz, M. Langer, Dr. U. Lanzendörfer, Dr. B. Ledüc, Dr. A. Leonard,
Dipl.-Chem. H. List, H. Mathis, E. Meinhard, C. Metz, K. Meyer, Dr. M. Mirbach, Dipl.-Chem.
B. Mohsin, Dr. U. Neu-Becker, V. Neumann, K. Nöring, Dipl.-Chem. R. Nohl, Dipl.-Min.
U. Nohl, Dr. U. Ohms-Bredemann, Dr. W. Petz, I. Rangnow, Dipl.-Phys. H.-J. Richter-Ditten,
Dipl.-Chem. H. Rieger, E. Rieth, A. Rosenberger, E. Rudolph, G. Rudolph, Dipl.-Chem. S.
Ruprecht, Dr. B. Sarbas, Dr. D. Schiöberg, V. Schlicht, B. Schmitt, Dipl.-Chem. D. Schneider,
Dipl.-Min. P. Schubert, Dr. K. Schücke, A. Schwärzel, Dr. B. Schwager, Dipl.-Ing. H.M.
Somer, Dr. C. Strametz, Dr. G. Swoboda, Dr. U. Taubald, M. Teichmann, Dr. D. Tille, Dipl.-Ing.
H. Vanecek, Dipl.-Chem. P. Velic, Dipl.-Ing. U. Vetter, H.-M. Wagner, Dipl.-Phys. J. Wagner,
R. Wagner, Dr. E. Warkentin, Dr. C. Weber, Dr. A. Wietelmann, Dr. M. Winter, Dr. B. Wöbke,
K. Wolff
STAFF GMELIN ONLINE DATA SYSTEM
Dr. R. Froböse, Dr. P. Kuhn, Dr. G. Olbrich
Volumes published on "Rare Earth Elements" (Syst. No. 39)
A1 Introductory Review. History. Occurrence - 1938
A2 Scandium: History. Occurrence - 1973
A3 Y, La to Lu: Cosmochemistry - 1980
A4 Y, La to Lu: Crystal Chemistry - 1979
A5 Y, La to Lu: Geochemistry - Total Earth. Magmatic Cycle - 1981
A6b Y, La to Lu: Geochemistry - Hydrosphere. Atmosphere. Cosmo- and Geochemical
Cycles. Balance - 1988 (present volume)
*A7 Y, La to Lu: Minerals (Excluding Silicates) - 1984
*AS Y, La to Lu: Minerals (Silicates). Deposits. Mineral Index - 1984
°81 Sc, Y, La to Lu: History, Position in the Periodic System. Separation from Raw
Materials - 1976
82 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Separation of the Rare Earth Elements from One Another. Preparation
of the Pure Metals. Uses. Toxicology - 1976
83 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Physical Properties of the Metals - 1974
°84 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Nuclear, Atomic, and Molecular Properties - 1976
85 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Preparation, Enrichment, and Separation of Isotopes (Sc, Y, La
to Sm) - 1978
86 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Preparation, Enrichment, and Separation of Isotopes (Eu to Lu).
Detection and Determination of Isotopes. Chemical Reactions of the Elements - 1978
87 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Reactions of the Ions in Solution. Electrochemical Behavior - 1979
C1 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Hydrides. Oxides - 1974
C2 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Compounds with H +0, Alkali Metals +0, N, as weil as the Related
Alkali Double Salts - 1974
C3 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Fluorides, Fluoride Oxides, and the Related Alkali Double Salts - 1976
*C4a Sc, Y, La to Lu: Chlorides. Comparative Data - 1982
*C4b Sc, Y, La to Lu: Data on Individual Chlorides - 1982
C5 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Oxide Chlorides, Hydroxide Chlorides, Salts of Oxoacids of Chlorine,
and Alkali Chlorometallates - 1977
C6 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Bromides. Iodides, Corresponding Basic Halides. Salts of Halogen
Oxoacids and Alkali Double Salts - 1978
*C7 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Sulfides, Oxide Sulfides, Alkali Thiometallates - 1983
°CS Sc, Y, La to Lu: Sulfide Halides. Sulfates, Salts of Other Sulfuric Acids and Corre-
sponding Alkali Double Compounds - 1981
*C9 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Compounds with Se - 1986
*C10 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Compounds with Te, Po - 1987
*01 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Coordination Compounds 1 - 1980
*02 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Coordination Compounds 2 - 1982
*03 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Coordination Compounds 3 - 1981
*04 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Coordination Compounds 4 - 1986
*05 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Carboxylates - 1984
*06 Sc, Y, La to Lu: Ion Exchange and Solvent Extraction Reactions. Organometallic
Compounds - 1983
• Completely or 0 partly in English
Grnelin Handbook
of Inorganic Chemistry
8th Edition
Sc, V, La-Lu
RARE EARTH ELEMENTS
A6b
Y, La, and the Lanthanoids
Geochemistry: Hydrosphere. Atmosphere.
Cosmo- and Geochemical Cycles. Balance
With 2 illustrations
AUTHORS Bärbel Sarbas, Wolfgang Töpper
EDITORS Wolfgang Töpper
CHIEF EDITOR Wolfgang Töpper
System Number 39
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH 1988
L1TERATURE CLOSING DATE: 1983
OCCASIONALLY MORE RECENT DATA HAVE BEEN CONSIDERED
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: Agr 25-1383
ISBN 978-3-662-07835-8 ISBN 978-3-662-07833-4 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-07833-4
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© by Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1987
Originally published by Springer-Verlag, Berlin . Heidelberg . New York· Tokyo in 1987
Soflcover reprint of the hardcover 8th edttion 1987
The use of registered "ames, trademarks, etc., in this publicatian does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement,
that such names are exempt from the reLevant protective Laws and reguLations and therefore free for general usa.
Preface
The present volume "Rare Earth Elements" A 6b deseribes in its first part the origin,
mode of oeeurrenee, and behavior of Y and/or RE elements in the hydrosphere and atmos
phere. Separately for marine and non-marine environments (surfaee, subsurfaee, mineral,
and thermal waters), the behavior of RE (ineluding Y) in the hydrosphere eomprises
espeeially the relationship between eontentleomposition and the ehemistry of water, and
the processes aeting during migration, removal, and preeipitation are outlined; the influenee
of biologieal material is mentioned. Behavior of RE in the atmosphere involves mainly
transport, regional differenees, and temporal variations as weil as removal by preeipitation;
the anthropogenie influenee is only outlined.
The seeond part of this volume treats, partly in a more summary manner, the eosmo
and geoehemieal eyeles and the balance of Y and/or RE elements. The relationship between
geodynamie position and type of magmatism, as weil as the geoehemieal variations in
the geospheres, especially mantle and erust of the earth, are deseribed in greater detail.
Frankfurt am Main
November 1987 Wolfgang Töpper
